Are your collections up for grabs? Does the spouse of one of your trustees have too much to say about developing the exhibition schedule? How much is too much public participation? Where does a ...curator’s authority begin and end? With money increasingly difficult to raise, is a museum more likely to accede to potential funders’ demands even when those demands might compromise the museum’s integrity? When a museum is struggling with debilitating debt, should the sale of selected items from its collections and the use of the resulting proceeds bring the museum into a more stable financial position? When a museum attempts to build its attendance and attract local visitors by crowdsourcing exhibitions, is it undermining its integrity? Ethical questions about museum activities are legion, yet they are usually only discussed when they become headlines in newspapers. Museum staff respond to such problems under pressure, often unable to take the time required to think through the sensitive and complex issues involved.
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some ...scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious.
Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." InScience, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal,Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.
Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
This book investigates the issues raised by the vast array of accounting standards and technical rules which have marked the recent history of accounting. It is argued that the accounting profession ...is beset by an inferior and incomplete notion of quality in its work which emphasises compliance with processing rules, rather than the correspondence with commercial phenomena necessary to make financial statements reliable guides for human activity.
1. Matters in Conflict: Professionalism, Accounting Rules and the Function of Accounting 2. Professions: Their Nature, Roles and Responsibilities 3. Accounting as a Profession: The Extent and Origins of Occupational Authority 4. The Nature of Accounting Rules 5. Explaining the Proliferation of Accounting Rules 6. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Discourse 7. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Education 8. Professionalism, Accounting Rules and Accounting Practice 9. Advancing Professional Accounting Knowledge
Brian P. West is a senior lecturer in Acccounting at the University of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Prior to commencing his academic career he worked in the audit division of an international accounting firm. Dr. West is the author of several articles published in professional and academic journals.
Professors Behaving Badly Braxton, John M; Proper, Eve; Bayer, Alan E
Johns Hopkins University Press,
2011, 2011-00-00, 2011-12-01
eBook, Book
From data collected through faculty surveys, the authors describe behaviors associated with graduate teaching considered inappropriate and in violation of good teaching practices. They then derive a ...normative structure that consists of five inviolable (warranting severe punishment) and eight admonitory (reproved, but less severe) proscriptive norms to help graduate faculty make informed and acceptable professional choices. The authors discuss the various ways in which faculty members acquire the norms of teaching and mentoring, including the graduate school socialization process, role models, disciplinary codes of ethics, and scholarship about the professoriate and professional performance. They also analyze the rich data gleaned from the faculty surveys and track how these norms are understood and interpreted across academic disciplines and influenced by such factors as gender, citizenship, age, academic rank, tenure, research activity, and administrative experience. Professors Behaving Badly outlines institutional and disciplinary conditions that define normative behavior and recommends best practices to discourage future faculty misconduct. (HoF/text adopted).
Develop a practical and comprehensive view of professional ethics In the newly updated Second Edition of Positive Ethics for Mental Health Professionals: A Proactive Approach, distinguished ...psychologists Drs. Sharon K. Anderson and Mitchell M Handelsman deliver an insightful guide for mental health professionals and trainees to stregthen and/or develop their professional and ethical identities. Utilizing the same informal and inviting tone of the first edition, Anderson and Handelsman share the literature and provide positive discussions, exercises, case scenarios, and writing assignments, to help you explore and develop your ethical core. You'll also develop your self- reflective skills to learn how to make excellent ethical choices regarding psychotherapy and couseling. This edition of the book also offers: * An introduction of the idea of "tripping points", or predictable pitfalls, when making ethical choices. * Discussions of nonrational factors in ethical decision-making, including biases, heuristics, and emotional influences. * A renewed focus on ethical acculturation, which emphasizes the importance of your own background in the development of your ethical identity. Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying psychotherapy and mental health counseling, Positive Ethics for Mental Health Professionals, will also earn a place in the libraries of mental health practitioners seeking a primer on the complicated ethical issues that inevitably arise in their practices- and how to prepare for them and navigate them.
This open access textbook offers a practical guide into research ethics for undergraduate students in the social sciences. A step-by-step approach of the most viable issues, in-depth discussions of ...case histories and a variety of didactical tools will aid the student to grasp the issues at hand and help him or her develop strategies to deal with them. This book addresses problems and questions that any bachelor student in the social sciences should be aware of, including plagiarism, data fabrication and other types of fraud, data augmentation, various forms of research bias, but also peer pressure, issues with confidentiality and questions regarding conflicts of interest. Cheating, ‘free riding’, and broader issues that relate to the place of the social sciences in society are also included. The book concludes with a step-by-step approach designed to coach a student through a research application process.
Promoting an open research culture Nosek, B. A.; Alter, G.; Banks, G. C. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
06/2015, Letnik:
348, Številka:
6242
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Author guidelines for journals could help to promote transparency, openness, and reproducibility
Transparency, openness, and reproducibility are readily recognized as vital features of science (
1
,
...2
). When asked, most scientists embrace these features as disciplinary norms and values (
3
). Therefore, one might expect that these valued features would be routine in daily practice. Yet, a growing body of evidence suggests that this is not the case (
4
–
6
).
Objectif
: La récente loi Claeys-Leonetti de 2016 reconnaît le droit du patient à une sédation profonde et continue jusqu’au décès (SPCJD) si ce dernier en fait la demande. Au quotidien, comment les ...équipes soignantes s’approprient cette nouvelle possibilité et s’adaptent à ces situations de fin de vie spécifiques ?
Méthode
: Nous avons mené des entretiens semi-directifs avec six soignants volontaires de chaque corps de métier (deux médecins, deux infirmier.ère.s et deux aides-soignantes) dans un service d’oncologie médicale et de radiothérapie. Les entretiens ont été analysés selon une méthode d’analyse de contenu thématique, afin de rendre compte du vécu des professionnels de soins face aux protocoles de SPCJD et aux conséquences sur les accompagnements de fin de vie dans ces circonstances.
Résultats
: Cette enquête exploratoire met en évidence des disparités interprofessionnelles quant au vécu des accompagnements de patients sous SPCJD. L’hétérogénéité des représentations semble liée à une méconnaissance de la loi, à des acceptions variables, mais aussi à des intentions différentes en fonction des fonctions exercées. La continuité dans la prise en charge des patients est affectée : le seul point commun observé chez tous les professionnels concerne les difficultés décrites dans l’accompagnement des familles.
Conclusion
: La loi Claeys-Leonetti, ayant pour objectif de donner davantage de droits aux patients, pose des enjeux éthiques et des difficultés aux soignants encore trop peu investigués à ce jour. Il semble fondamental de tenir compte de l’effet de cette procédure sur le vécu des professionnels, afin que la mise en place des protocoles soit accompagnée et pensée au mieux, dans le but de limiter les potentielles difficultés et souffrances relatives à la SPCJD.
Aim
: The recent Claeys-Leonetti law of 2016 recognizes the patient’s right to deep and continuous sedation until death if the patient so requests. On a daily basis, how do health-care teams appropriate this new possibility and adapt to these specific end-of-life situations?
Procedure
: We conducted semi-structured interviews with six volunteer caregivers from each profession (two physicians, two nurses, and two nursing assistants) in a medical oncology and radiotherapy department. The interviews were analyzed using a thematic content analysis method, in order to report on the experiences of the care professionals with regard to the SPCJD protocols and the consequences for end-of-life care in these circumstances.
Results
: This exploratory survey highlights interprofessional disparities in the experience of accompanying patients on SPCJD. The heterogeneity of the representations seems to be linked to a lack of knowledge of the law, to varying acceptances, but also to different intentions according to the functions performed. The continuity of patient care is affected: the only common point observed among all the professionals concerns the difficulties described in accompanying the families.
Conclusion
: The Claeys-Leonetti law, whose objective is to give more rights to patients, raises ethical issues and difficulties for caregivers that have not yet been sufficiently investigated. It seems fundamental to take into account the effect of this procedure on the experience of professionals, so that the implementation of protocols is accompanied and thought out as well as possible, with the aim of limiting the potential difficulties and suffering related to the SPCJD.
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