Muž davu Walter Benjamin
Sociální studia,
07/2016, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Tento původní překlad textu Waltera Benjamina patří mezi jeho rozptýlené, nedokončené črty zkoumající měnící se městskou společnost devatenáctého století, většina z nichž byla publikována pod názvem ...Pasáže. Benjamin čerpá z citací literární produkce konce 19. století a používá je k vypracování teoretického obrazu městského života v přicházejícím průmyslovém věku. Více než o detailní vykreslení města samotného se zajímá o změny, jímž jsou jeho obyvatelé vystaveni, když na ně doléhají tlaky prostředí. Benjamin zaznamenává proměňující se struktury vnímání moderního člověka a nachází jejich symbolické vyjádření v "muži davu".
V velikih mestih je varnost pomemben dejavnik. Strah pred kriminalom pa je dejavnik, ki ni odvisen od dejanske stopnje kriminala, ampak je neposredno povezan s kakovostjo prostora, ki vpliva na ...posameznikov občutek varnosti. Razlikuje se tudi glede na spol. V članku avtorici proučujeta strah pred kriminalom na javnih krajih na varnem območju velike metropole, pri čemer se osredotočata na to, kako na ta strah vplivajo prostorske značilnosti in kakšne so razlike med spoloma. Raziskava je bila leta 2017 izvedena v enem najvarnejših predelov Istanbula, ki ga tudi ženske dojemajo kot varnega. Vključevala je anketo, v kateri je sodelovalo 387 anketirancev in anketirank različnih starosti. Avtorici sta jih spraševali o strahu pred kriminalom na javnih krajih ter kdaj in zakaj ga občutijo. Izsledki so pokazali, da ženske tudi v varni soseski v mestu občutijo nekaj strahu ter da so med moškimi in ženskami pomembne razlike v tem, kako občutijo strah na javnih prostorih in v kakšnih okoliščinah.
Mehanizem javnega – tj. posameznikov v družbi in njihovih medsebojnih odnosov – je najbolje razviden iz bistvene prvine mest: javnega prostora. Do zdaj je bilo o tem opravljenih mnogo obsežnih ...raziskav na najrazličnejših področjih. V članku avtorici predstavita konstruktivno analizo raziskovalnih pristopov in metodologij, uporabljenih pri proučevanju etnične raznolikosti kot družbenega pojava v povezavi z javnim prostorom. Analizirali sta 1.079 raziskovalnih člankov, objavljenih med letoma 1995 in 2020 ter vključenih v informacijski sistem Web of Science. Bibliometrične podatke sta ročno filtrirali, scientometrično vizualizacijo pa sta izdelali v programu CiteSpace. Proučili sta, kako so uporabljene teoretične podlage, ter predstavili trenutne trende, vrzeli in pogoste metodološke pristope v analizirani literaturi, ki lahko prinašajo nova spoznanja, uporabna za nadaljnje multidisciplinarne raziskave. Izsledki njune raziskave razkrivajo dva osnovna načina teoretičnega pojmovanja obravnavane teme: pristop, ki se osredotoča na odnos med človekom in krajem ter temelji na proučevanju urbanistične in socialne politike, ter pristop, ki se osredotoča na odnose med ljudmi ter obravnava javni prostor kot dejavnik, ki te odnose omogoča.
Already for nearly three decades, Mass Customization (MC) has been described as a viable business model for companies in diverse sectors. Nonetheless, the introduction and the successful operation of ...an MCapproachis a challenging endeavor for companies of all sizes. In this article,special attention is givento small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which increasinglycollaborate in networks to successfully develop complex, mass-customized products. Whilecollaboration allows for pooling several areas of expertise,the cross-organizational development poses challenges in manifold regards. To study these challenges, we set up a network business process model developed with four SMEs from the German high-tech textile industry. Based on the current literature on capabilities for MC, we evaluate the challenges of MC in SME networks detected in our network business processmodel to underpin the need for further research.In our study, we detail the conceptualanalysisof such network-based scenarios along our process model for three focal areas: (1) co-creation, (2) solution space development, and (3) information systemdesign. We construe the need for further research and derive implications for both academia and practice.
U radu će se
govoriti o odnosu jezika i prostora i elaboraciji takvog prostornog odnosa na
razini zavisnosložene rečenice s mjesnom klauzom. U okviru semantičkih padeža
za označavanje prostornih ...odnosa – lokativa, ablativa, adlativa i perlativa –
izdvajaju se određeni podznačenjski tipovi koji se na razini složene rečenice s
mjesnom klauzom kodiraju na različite načine. Za razliku od prijedložno-padežnih
konstrukcija, u kojima su prostorni odnosi najprije iskazani padežnim značenjima
i prijedlozima, na razini složene rečenice ti se prostorni odnosi označavaju
uglavnom veznim sredstvima, a potom i antecedentima i postcedentima na koje
vezno sredstvo upućuje. Mjesne klauze u složenu rečenicu uvode se odnosnim
prilozima, koji svojim leksičkosemantičkim svojstvima iskazuju različite tipove
i podtipove prostornih odnosa. Zato mjesna jeste prototipna kad je riječ o
prostornim odnosima na razini složene rečenice, ali je i specifična na
formalno-gramatičkom planu u odnosu na ostale tipove zavisnih klauza. S tim u
vezi, usporedit će se i s atributnom klauzom uvedenom odnosnim prilozima.
The paper will
discuss the relationship between a language and space and the elaboration of
such spatial relationship at the level of a complex sentence with a spatial
clause. Within the semantic cases of the spatial relationships – locative,
ablative, adlative and perlative – there are certain submeanings that are
encoded at the level of a complex sentence with a spatial clause in different
ways. Unlike case-marked prepositonal constructions, in which spatial relations
are expressed by case meaning and prepositions, these spatial relationships at
the level of a complex sentence are generally indicated by conjuctions, and
then by antecedents and postcedents to which the conjunctions refer. The
spatial clauses in the complex sentence are introduced by relative adverbs,
which express different types and subtypes of spatial relations with their
lexical and semantic properties. When we talk about spatial relations at the
level of a complex sentence, the spatial clause is a prototype and specific in
the formally grammatical plan as compared to the other types of dependent
clauses. We will also compare the spatial clauses with relative clauses
introduced by relative adverbs.
U sklopu projekta „Zagreb za mene” provedena je interdisciplinarna metoda Akupunkture grada - istraživanje stajališta građana o potrebama, promjenama i lokacijama uređenja javnih prostora u gradu ...Zagrebu. Rad iznosi rezultate istraživanja i ističe važnost uloge participativnog modela planiranja, pri čemu predstavlja Akupunkturu grada (inicijativu koja djeluje u sklopu Društva arhitekata Zagreba) kao planerski alat za jačanje simboličke i identitetske poveznice stanovnika s vlastitom četvrti i gradom u cjelini.
The City Acupuncture is an interdisciplinary method developed within the p roject ”Zagreb for me” in order to research the citizens’ attitudes about the revitalization of public urban spaces in Zagreb. This article presents the results of this research and highlights the importance of a participatory model in urban planning and design. The City Acupuncture is conceived as a planning tool aimed at strengthening the bonds between the citizens and their neighborhoods or the city as a whole.
U radu se na primjeru dviju gradskih četvrti grada Zagreba analizira transformacijski potencijal gradskih središta u podizanju kvalitete života. Polazi se od sagledavanja grada kao mreže javnih ...prostora, a uređenje gradskih središta prema osnovnim i dodatnim kriterijima predlaže se kao regeneracijski model temeljen na održivosti u kojem se nevelikim urbanističkim zahvatima znatno može pridonijeti kvaliteti života te zadovoljstvu stanovnika i korisnika prostora.
This article focuses on two districts of Zagreb as suitable models for a study on the transformation potential of city areas with the aim to improve the quality of urban life. The starting point is the concept of a city as a network of public spaces. Planning and redesign of central urban areas according to basic and additional criteria is suggested as an appropriate regeneration model based on sustainable principles. Minor interventions may considerably improve the quality of life in a city.
Razumijevanje ponašanja fluida u stijenskoj masi izrazito je važno kod različitih inženjerskih projekata kao što su procjeđivanje u tunelima, geotermalna ležišta te odlaganje opasnoga otpada. U ...proučavanju obrasca protoka fluida kroz raspucanu, šupljikavu stijensku masu korišteni su različiti pristupi. Laboratorijska istraživanja mogu pomoći u izučavanju takvih problema, međutim, osim što su skupa, zahtijevaju puno vremena i teško ih je primijeniti u makrostrukturama. Numeričke simulacije mogu opisati takve prostore metodom mreže diskretnih pukotina smanjujući troškove i vrijeme jer nude dovoljnu prilagodljivost i kreativnost. Ovdje je prikazano proširenje koda u Matlabu s ciljem izučavanja protoka u stijenskome prostoru s dvostrukom propusnošću, tj. s izvorima fluida na desnoj i lijevoj strani modela koji predstavljaju utisnu i proizvodnu bušotinu. Vrlo propusni diskontinuiteti s različitim kutovima smješteni su unutar slabopropusnoga vapnenačkog matriksa. Jednadžbe tlaka aproksimiraju izravan shematski tok između dviju točaka metodom konačnih volumena. Strujnice su praćene kroz simulirani volumen te je njima analizirano hidrauličko ponašanje modela izračunom brzine protoka u svakoj točki. Rezultati pokazuju kako hibridna metoda konačnih volumena i mreža diskretnih pukotina mogu biti korištene kao brz način opisivanja protoka fluida u prostoru s dvostrukom propusnošću, tj. uz pomoć simulacije strujnica unutar makromodela s diskontinuitetima.
Based on the contemporaneous and recent (domestic and foreign) literature and spatial plans, this paper examines the relationship between touristic and spatial planning in Croatia and Yugoslavia in ...the 1960s. The relationship is determined using the analytical-interpretative method of the then socio-political system, tourism and spatial policy, social planning, administrative bodies, institutions specialised for planning, tourist traffic, produced spatial plans, the intensity of building accommodation capacity, etc. In the first period after the end of the war, tourism developed in an uncontrolled manner because it was not the subject of coordinated socio-economic and spatial plans. Due to a growing interest for the inflow of foreign currencies from foreign tourists, tourism gradually gained significance and was regularly given priority in development plans. The new approach to spatial planning was most visible in the developed methodology of spatial plan production and the hotel architecture and constructed hotel complexes. Since the Croatian coast had the longest Adriatic shoreline in the then Yugoslavia, the longest tradition of tourism, and was the flagship among the republics in tourism development projections and the spatial planning of tourism (because of the developed methodology of plan production), the largest number of touristic spatial plans during the socialist period were made for the Croatian Adriatic coast (on multiple levels), and the greatest investments were made in building hotel capacity there. Despite the initial idea of developing tourism and equal accommodation options for all, the new tourism planning model transformed away from this basic idea and gave priority to exponential economic growth. This new approach to tourism was most visible through the establishment of a new network of organisations and institutions for planning tourism and tourism planning in a broader spatial context rather than only on the level of individual investments. All factors regarding the implementation of social plans could not have been taken into account because all the administrative and reorganisation factors as well as the dramatic events of the socio-political and economic system as a whole that took place in the 1990s could not have been predicted. The proper methodological steps for continued and coordinated planning in the 1960s introduced significant changes into the system of touristic and spatial planning. After the implementation of the plans began, the complexities of planning (numerous unpredictable factors) that influenced their realisation became apparent. The practice of planning was further complicated because plans often acted in an abstract and contradictory manner in a political system that had a limited capacity for realising quality—and in some cases utopian—plans.