While it is assumed that trade unions may influence the gender wage gap, evidence is scarce on this issue. This study investigates the issue in China using national longitudinal survey data from 2010 ...to 2020. The results reveal that the union wage premium is greater for women than for men. Furthermore, the union wage premium is more beneficial for women in the public sector compared to the private sector. The gender disparity in endowment return effect among non-union members is the primary factor contributing to the formation of the gender wage gap in both public and private sectors, with the effect being more pronounced in the public sector. Additionally, the gender disparity in unionism reduces the gender wage gap in the public sector while widening the wage gap in the private sector.
In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, complex drivers of deforestation have sparked mandatory and voluntary initiatives, including moratorium policies, zero-deforestation pledges and certification ...systems. The impacts of these different commitments, which aim to reduce deforestation, have yet to be documented or analytically scrutinized. Using South Sumatra as a case study, we used the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to identify the context and impacts of public and private sector commitments. Public sector commitment was assessed by examining political will reflected in government policies and regulations, while private sector commitment was assessed by looking at compliance with mandatory and voluntary certification schemes. South Sumatra lost 63% of its natural forest between 1990 and 2019. Deforestation is driven by expansion of large-scale commercial plantations, as well as illegal logging and clearing. Our study indicates that public and private sector commitments do matter. Statistically, we found sufficient evidence that private sector commitments were able to significantly reduce deforestation from year of commitments to 2019, at a 90% confidence level. Efforts to support zero-deforestation commitments must involve radical shifts in current policy and practice, with stricter law enforcement to combat illegal activities, greater transparency to inform progress, and the development of strategic and actionable plans.
•Deforestation is driven mainly by plantation expansion and aggravated by illegal activities.•Institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework helps understand how actors translate commitments into actions.•Commitments are actioned by public and private actors with non-state actor support.•Private sector commitments reduce deforestation but haven’t ‘zeroed’ deforestation.•Implementation must be regularly monitored to allow for corrective action.
Cilj. Cilj je rada problematizirati ponašanje djelatnika različitih zanimanja pri traženju i korištenju informacija te iznijeti razlike u informacijskom ponašanju zaposlenika na temelju istraživanja ...provedenog u istočnoj Hrvatskoj.
Metodologija. Istraživanje je provedeno u siječnju 2021. godine pomoću kvantitativne metode. Mrežno dostupnu anketu ispunilo je 553 zaposlenika javnih institucija i privatnih poduzeća. Za ispitivanje statističkih razlika koristili su se hi-kvadrat test i Kruskal-Wallisov test.
Rezultati. Nastavno na objavljene rezultate istraživanja s osnovnim deskriptivnim podacima, u ovome radu provedena je daljnja analiza koja je pokazala da postoje statistički značajne razlike u informacijskom ponašanju ispitanika s obzirom na spol, dob, obrazovanje, duljinu radnog staža i sektor rada. Zaposlenice traže informacije češće nego zaposlenici. Ispitanici koji su doktorirali i koji imaju do 20 godina staža u javnom sektoru (sveučilišni nastavnici) u najvećoj mjeri traže informacije za obavljanje radnih zadataka i koriste mrežne izvore. Zaposlenice srednje životne dobi s najvišim stupnjem obrazovanja i ispitanici koji rade do 30 godina na sveučilištu najčešće pronalaze informacije za posao u knjižnici. Mlađi i visokoobrazovani zaposlenici iz javnih institucija pretežito nailaze na poteškoće pri traženju informacija (npr. ograničen pristup kvalitetnim izvorima).
Ograničenja. U radu se iznose samo oni rezultati istraživanja koji su dobiveni testiranjem statističkih razlika. Uzorak nije reprezentativan na nacionalnoj razini s obzirom na to da su u istraživanju sudjelovali većinom zaposlenici sa Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera iz Osijeka.
Praktična primjena. Rezultati istraživanja mogu biti korisni poslodavcima u državnim ustanovama i privatnim poduzetnicima. Knjižničari iz visokoškolskih i narodnih knjižnica mogu osigurati dodatne izvore i organizirati radionice o informacijskoj pismenosti za zaposlenike kao svoje potencijalne korisnike.
Originalnost. Originalnost rada očituje se u tome što se u njemu predstavlja istraživanje čija tematika nije dovoljno zastupljena u Hrvatskoj. U radu se prvi put analiziraju razlike u informacijskom ponašanju skupine zaposlenika iz jednog dijela Hrvatske.
•This paper examines how the four waterfront redevelopment projects in less favourable urban areas in Shanghai in the last three decades were carried out and how they got financed.•The examination of ...the four waterfront redevelopment cases confirms the extensive use of land-based finance in urban redevelopment projects in Chinese cities, with urban development companies as important players to mobilize finance.•The four cases demonstrate the variety of innovative financial instruments like bonds, public-private partnership or the urban regeneration fund are explored to tap capital from domestic and international investors. Some of the instruments can be made possible due to the higher status of the administrative level the development companies belong to, like issuing bonds.•Innovative mechanisms were explored across the four projects, such as the solidarity mechanism (tax-related policy, special economic zone), the public–private partnership mechanism (public–private partnership or private finance initiative), the loan and bond mechanisms (bonds, loans, fund to fund).•Most creative financial instruments were actively explored at the earlier stage of Shanghai’s waterfront redevelopment to reduce resource scarcity.
Chinese cities have experienced rapid urbanisation and attracted massive investment in the central city through urban redevelopment. Developing less favourable urban areas such as former industrial sites along the waterfront is less attractive for investment as these areas usually need to deal with poor environments and complicated land ownership. It is therefore important to understand how these urban projects are carried out and what financial instruments are used. This paper examines four waterfront redevelopment projects in Shanghai in the last three decades and asks how they got financed. The financial mechanism in the examined cases confirmed that land-based capital accumulation is central in the financialisation of these projects, with the important role of the state-owned development companies in each project to mobilise capital and carry out development. The paper also finds that the variety of innovative financial instruments like bonds, public-private partnership or the urban regeneration fund are explored to tap capital from domestic and international investors. These financial instruments are complementary to the land-based finance which facilitates urban redevelopment in less attractive waterfront areas, allowing new financial players to explore the potential for the waterfront.
Infertility exists across all strata of people, but the treatment of infertility is limited to only the few who can afford the expensive treatment. A center was set up in the Government Medical ...Hospital for the treatment of infertility and a study was conducted to see the utilization of services after its initiation.
To study the utilization and pattern of patients who attend the infertility OPD in Gandhi Hospital.
All patients who attended the infertility clinic in Gandhi Hospital during the period January 2019 - September 2019 (9 months).
3549 patients attended the infertility clinic during the study period. 75% of the patients were in the 20-30-year age group. Only 11% of clients had knowledge of the fertile period in the < 20-year age group. In the other 2 groups 42-50% of patients had knowledge of the fertile period. Drugs were given to patients to conceive prior to coming to Gandhi, but many patients did not know what exactly was given to them. Husband semen analysis was done only in 25%. Most of the cases were in the primary infertility group
There is need for Infertility cases to be treated in the public sector and the treatment has to be standardized
Purpose: The main focus of the study was to explore the effect of bullying on the academic achievement of the elementary school students enrolled in all public and private sector schools in Punjab. ...The population of study included all students of elementary public and private schools in Punjab. Methodology: The sample of study comprised 195 students studying in four elementary schools (two public & two private) which were randomly selected from the district Sialkot, Punjab. The data were collected personally using a self-developed questionnaire with reliability index 0.89 (Cronbach’s Alpha) containing 27 items on three point Likert type scale (No, To some extent, Yes) which was based on statements eliciting student’s opinions regarding bullying. The questionnaire was validated by a panel of three experts working in the field of Gender Studies and Special Education. Findings: Major findings revealed that bullying was posing negative effect on the academic achievement of students in private sector in general and in the public sector in particular. Implications: Govt. and school administration can take bullying prevention initiatives with a focus on raising awareness of the problem and enforcing sanctions.
The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the norms of daily life for individuals around the world. This change causes employees to work from home (WFH). This new norm has opened up the landscape for the ...advantages of WFH and adapting oneself in performing tasks. In addition to the advantages of WFH, and leadership style and work autonomy also have the potential to assist employees to adapt the flexible work environment. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to examine the effect of WFH on adaptive performance among employees in Malaysia. This study examined the effects of humble leadership, and its moderating effects on the association between WFH and employees’ adaptive performance. The field study was conducted in Malaysia among public and private sector employees and total 200 participants were approached. The Partial Least Square (PLS) technique was used to test the hypothesized relationships among variables. The results of this study indicated that the WFH and humble leadership influenced adaptive performance and employees who perceived high humble leadership strengthen the relationship between WFH and adaptive performance. The study sheds new light on the advantages of WFH and humble leadership on adaptive performance. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) are activities which are voluntary, go beyond the formal obligations of employees, and significantly affect the efficiency of the entire organization. The ...literature has devoted a lot of attention to them since the beginning of the 1980s. Not only has the nature of OCBs been studied, but so too have their dimensions and antecedents. However, there is a fairly significant research gap in the area of employee manifestations of citizenship behaviors according to type of organization (private and public sectors). This article addresses the issue of organizational commitment as one of the antecedents of OCBs. The research objective is to identify and assess the level of correlation between individual dimensions of organizational commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in public and private organizations in Poland. A quantitative study conducted on a sample of 323 employees allowed the hypotheses to be verified. In general, there are similar frequencies of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in the public and private sectors. In public institutions, however, OCBs in the interpersonal dimension are more frequent, while in private institutions they occur more commonly in the organizational dimension. Most positively correlated with OCBs is the affective dimension of organizational commitment.
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