Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Mit der vierstreifigen Bundesstraße 26n (B 26n) soll ein wichtiger Lückenschluss im großräumigen Fernstraßennetz bei Würzburg, eine ...Entlastung hoch belasteter Ortsdurchfahrten und eine bessere Erschließung des Landkreises Main-Spessart erreicht werden. Für die aber auch heftig umstrittene B 26n wurde im ROV 2011, abweichend von der bayerischen Verwaltungspraxis, die förmliche UVP durchgeführt und erstmalig ein Bürgergespräch ins Beteiligungsverfahren eingebunden. Im Ergebnis ist die B 26n nur unter einer Vielzahl an Maßgaben raumverträglich. Verknüpft ist diese Feststellung mit dem Prüfauftrag einer im Querschnitt reduzierten Ausbauvariante, die sich über den geltenden Bedarfsplan hinwegsetzt. Mit der Aufnahme der landesplanerisch geforderten einbahnig-zwei-/dreistreifige Ausführung im Bedarfsplan 2030 bestätigt sich, dass so die wesentlichen verkehrlichen, raumstrukturellen und umweltverträglichsten Ziele erreicht werden können. Gegenwärtig wird das Linienbestimmungsverfahren vorbereitet.- The four-lane federal road B 26n is intended to close an important gap in the largescale long-distance road network around Würzburg, reduce traffic on severely congested through-roads and improve road connections to the Main-Spessart district. The development of the B 26n is very controversial. In 2011 the formal environmental impact assessment was carried out as part of the spatial planning procedure, deviating from normal practice in Bavaria, and a public discussion was integrated into participation procedures for the first time. The results show that the B 26n is only spatially compatible and environmentally acceptable under a number of conditions. This finding is linked to the mandate to assess a scaled-down development option with a reduced cross-section, which overrides the valid requirements plan. The adoption of the single-/two-/three-lane version, as stipulated by state planning, in the 2030 requirements plan confirms that the most important traffic, spatial-structural and environmental goals can be achieved in this way. The routing determination procedure is currently in preparation.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
One sociological truism is that speech only makes sense in a social context. Another is that the content of speech is inseparable from its form. This is a study of how people think they are supposed ...to sound talking about political things in public. (JLN)
This article, based on "Archives of Baxian County(巴縣?案)" in late Qing dynasty, analyzes the causes of disputes among merchants and artisans in Chongqing(重慶) and the process in which the disputes were ...solved at commercial court. By doing these, the author aims at representing the social order of merchants and artisans in late Qing Chongqing society. The main feature of Baxian commercial society was that it included not only Baxian natives but also those from the other areas. From viewpoints of local government and local society, the qualification of particiation to local market depended on a man`s ability to have permanent established store and ability to handle labor tax(差役). As far as the qualification to local market is concerned, one`s birthplace was not considered important in Baxian. Watchful gaze of Baxian natives were concentrated on lower class of the society rather than on the immigrant merchants and artisans, the former being considered as latent threat to public order. Under these circumstances, small organizations of merchants and artisans were formed and these organizations were major actors in solving disputes among merchants and artisans of Baxian. They often performed "public discussion(公議)" and tried to make rules, but they lacked ability to control the lowest layer of their members or the immigrant artisans. Thus they had no choice but to appeal to arbitrations by men of same professions or by local communities and, if the arbitration failed, government`s court worked as final solution. In sum, disputes across the many different networks magnified the significance of artibtraions, and we cannot find any sign of formation of constant organisation and institution in Chongqing commercial society of late Qing Dynasty.
The Japanese economy has been deteriorating for more than ten years. Real GDP growth through the 1990’s was nearly 1%, much lower than the 5% growth during the late 1980’s. The major reason why weak ...economic conditions continued for such a long time was the particular macroeconomic policy taken by the Japanese government.During this period, the Japanese government pursued a “stop-and-go” expansionary economic policy four times. Many people were under the mistaken impression that fiscal stimulation could not substitute for building an economic recovery. They interpreted macroeconomic policy as resulting only in rapid expansion of government debt and vast amounts of meaningless public works.If we trace the course of the Japanese economy during this period more precisely, however, we can easily find that this argument is completely mistaken. In all cases, when the government introduced a fiscal stimulus policy, we can see clear effects on economic activities. Stock prices rose sharply in every case. And real economic activities showed a clear upswing reacting to each expansionary economic policy.The true reason for deterioration of the economy in each case was that the government switched too quickly to tight fiscal and monetary policy.In 1994, the Bank of Japan tried to raise short-term interest rates too early. In 1996, the Hashimoto administration decided to raise taxes sharply, derailing economic recovery. In 2000, the Mori administration shifted to tight fiscal policy, and the Bank of Japan raised the short-term interest rate. Stock prices fell dramatically and the Japanese economy moved into recession again from the autumn of 2000.The real reason for long-term deterioration of Japan’s economy is this “stop and go” economic policy. Moreover, the debate about this failure among academic economists is underdeveloped, and the mass media has lost much of its spirit as an independent critic. In order to rebuild the Japanese economy, it is also necessary to improve the quality and scope of discussion in Japan
Svakodnevica hrvatskoga i drugih društava pokazuje da mediji ponekad miješaju informaciju i zabavu, a trebali bi davati prednost onim temama koje mogu imati utjecaja na život neke društvene skupine, ...pa i same zemlje i njezine budućnosti. Smatramo da je od takvog značenja upravo i donošenje Zakona o znanosti, visokom obrazovanju i sveučilištu.
Naime, Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske iznijelo je prijedlog nacrta triju zakona u listopadu 2010. godine, čime je potaknulo javnu raspravu između akademske javnosti i šire javnosti, zainteresiranih pojedinaca i društvenih skupina. Analizom sadržaja odabranih dnevnih novina željeli smo istražiti jesu li mediji dovoljno pisali o donošenju zakona kao ključnoj promjeni u visokom obrazovanju. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su dnevni listovi o ovoj temi pisali premalo, no kada su pisali, bili su posrednik između zakonodavnih tijela i zainteresirane javnosti.
So far, we have outlined a distinction between elite and mass interpretations of national identity, which produce different visions of the same Scotland. On the basis of the mass opinion data there ...is evidence to suggest a typology of national belonging which places defined non-civic criteria on national membership, including ethnicity, accent, birth and ancestry. The survey data, therefore, agreed with the observations of our manifesto analysis whereby examples of open and pluralistic conceptions of Scottishness coexist with more closed and bounded conceptions. These survey results are, of course, an aggregate of public opinion and tell us little about how an individual's nationalism may manifest itself in daily life. Therefore, to examine how members of the nation enact their individual nationalism we now focus on discourses of, to use Anderson's phrase, ‘the daily plebiscite’. Enabled by electronic media and the internet, we examine the language of an online public discussion of a newspaper article. In so doing, we begin to understand some of the ways in which nationalism operates as an everyday discursive phenomenon, as well as the variety of idiosyncratic imaginings that individuals enact.Billig's banal nationalism analytic, exploring how the homeland is ‘flagged’ daily in the popular print press, is developed upon. The use of narrative in the ‘flagging’ of national identity is illustrated. Taking narrative out of ‘the novel’, we draw a more nuanced picture of how national identity can be discursively ‘flagged’, going beyond simple grammatical deixis, and again demonstrating an absence of civic and pluralistic instantiations of Scottish national identity in the public's discourse.
Jamaica's primary health care system was a model for the Caribbean region in the 1990s. Because of it, Jamaicans enjoy relatively better health status than people in other countries of similar income ...level in the Caribbean region. However, Jamaica's health system is being severely challenged by persistent and reemerging infectious diseases and by the rapid increase in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries. At the same time, the country has suffered from low economic growth and carries a high debt burden, which leaves limited fiscal space for improving health care. The Government of Jamaica has been trying to sustain the gain in health outcomes and improve access to health care for its population in an environment of constrained resources during the last decade. With the establishment of the Jamaica National Health Fund (NHF) in 2003 and the abolition of user fees at public facilities in 2008, the Government of Jamaica has taken steps toward achieving universal coverage. This study reviews the achievements and challenges in expanding universal access in Jamaica and assesses the impact of the NHF's drug-subsidy programs and the abolition of user fees on universal access, and discusses policy options for achieving universal coverage.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the unknown significances of the Local School Councils System (LSCs) in Chicago School Reform. Though the LSCs have been regarded in general as a means of lay ...control over education, they should be regarded by nature as a sphere for a civic conference on education. In that perspective, this paper analyses the LSCs theoretically, focusing on the writings of Rollow and Bryk. These authors criticize the traditional conceptions of school politics for reducing all activities of individuals into a competition of private interests. Moreover, they say that public interests have begun to be observed since the implementation of the Chicago School Reform. They also pay attention to the importance of public discussion about common affairs based on local democratic politics. Public discussion in the LSCs means a civic conference on education, which needs to be investigated further in order to clarify the significances of the LSCs. The definition of the school is the most important theme in the public discussion of the LSCs. It should not be received as an ordinary word but should be positively formed as an objective category of decision-making concerning education. It includes the mission, goals, or ganization, operations, and relationship to the broader community of the school. It is a term that is meant to both be challenged and reestablished. Lay members in LSCs can deal with this because of its comprehensive character. They can also evaluate and make new directions of education through this concept. Public discussion in the LSCs has both functional and processual features. The first functional feature is to make evaluations of schooling by local communities available. In this evaluation, normative basic values for which activities in schools are based can be examined. The second functional feature is to create an alternative schooling and then give social support for it. On the other hand, as concerns processual features, the first is that the legitimacy of conflicts be approved in public discussion. Second, public interest is able to be formed in the process of this public discussion. These two processual features reinforce each other. In the process of public discussion, the public skills of the LSCs' members play an important role. With the above considerations, this paper comes to the following two conclusions: The LSCs have the first significance in that parents and community members can challenge education at each school without bringing unfair pressure upon it. The second significance is that the LSCs can enrich the cultural background for educational decision-making.
