This article discusses the relationship between both poverty and food insecurity (FI) and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as presenting possible strategies and actions for increasing social protection ...in the fight against these conditions in the current epidemiological context, especially for low-income countries. This is a narrative review concerning COVID-19, poverty, and food and nutritional insecurity. The COVID-19 pandemic may increase poverty and FI levels, resulting from the absence of or weak political, economic and social interventions to maintain jobs, as well as compromised food production and distribution chains and reduced access to healthy foods in different countries around the world, especially the poorest ones, where social and economic inequality was already historically high; the pandemic heightens and uncovers the vulnerability of poor populations. Public policies focused on guaranteeing the human right to adequate food must be improved and implemented for populations in contexts of poverty with the aim of providing food security.
•Green infrastructure (GI) is being used to mitigate dense urban areas impacts.•Incentive policies have great impact on green infrastructure implementation.•Some green roofs/walls included as GI have ...high upfront installation costs.•GI incentive policies are mainly concentrated in Europe and North America.•Most used incentive policies are financial subsidies and obligations by law.
Worldwide, green infrastructure is increasingly used to mitigate the impacts of dense urban areas, contributing towards the naturalization of the built environment. However, for investors, these systems often emerge as requiring substantial upfront cost (high installation costs) and, depending on the solution, might also have significant maintenance costs. On the other hand, policymakers are placing green infrastructure on the agenda, as a solution to consider in urban planning and design. There is a mismatch between the economic/social/environmental value of green infrastructure and their financial analysis. As the quantified benefits of these solutions may not compensate the high implementation costs, discouraging building owners to invest in them. The alignment of both expectations, public and private agents, regarding the development of green infrastructure, is done through the use of incentives, with distinct configurations and nature, that promote and facilitate the adoption of green infrastructure by private investors. This research aims to identify and analyse the incentive policies used by several municipalities to promote the installation of green roofs and/or green walls. The data set includes 113 cities in 19 countries. The incentive policies were classified into six different categories: tax reductions, financing, construction permit, sustainability certification, obligations by law and agile administrative process. The results show that incentive policies are mainly concentrated in Europe and North America, and most incentive policies focus on the promotion of green roofs, as no exclusive incentive policies for the promotion of green walls were found. From all incentive policies studied, financial subsidies and obligations by law are the most used ways to promote green infrastructure worldwide.
In this work, the role of the State in public policies that subsidize the guarantee of social rights is discussed, as well as gender disparities are addressed as a historical product of the ...discrimination to which women have been subjected and which result in their absence in STEM careers. (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). The mapping of existing public policies and the requirement that advances be established is a necessity to allow equal access for women to opportunities and spaces of power.
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•We review 193 articles exploring determinants of land take or urban sprawl.•We summarize causal relationships between land take and explanatory factors.•Well-known drivers are the ...increase of population, GDP and transport facilities.•Policy factors matter, e.g. political fragmentation, planning, or subsidies.•The effect of many factors (including common policy instruments) remains unclear.
Land take is the transformation of agricultural, natural and semi-natural spaces into urban and other artificial uses. It is closely linked to urban sprawl (low-density or dispersed urban development). Land take is a major environmental challenge, especially for biodiversity conservation, as it destroys and fragments natural habitats.
In order to assess how the scientific literature dedicated to this topic adresses the determinants of land take, we analyzed 193 scientific articles retrieved through a systematic methodology.
We summarized the causal relationships identified between land take and different explanatory factors. Among them, population and income growth, as well as the development of transport infrastructure and automobile use, are widely studied drivers that are most often found to increase land take. Political and institutional factors are extensively mentionned in the literature, suggesting that urban sprawl is not a mere result of “market forces” but is also shaped though public policies. Weak or unadequate planning, subsidies for land consumption and automobile transportation are said to increase urban sprawl, while infrastructure pricing and subsidies for urban renewal would have the opposite effect. The institutional setting, especially administrative fragmentation, reliance on local taxes, and competition between local jurisdictions, is suspected to be a major determinant of land take. The effect of many factors however remains relatively undocumented or controversial in the reviewed literature, including widely used policy instruments.
To progress nutrition policy change and develop more effective advocates, it is useful to consider real-world factors and practical experiences of past advocacy efforts to determine the key barriers ...to and enablers of nutrition policy change. The present review aimed to identify and synthesize the enablers of and barriers to public policy change within the field of nutrition.
Electronic databases were searched systematically for studies examining policy making in public health nutrition. An interpretive synthesis was undertaken.
International, national, state and local government jurisdictions within high-income, democratic countries.
Sixty-three studies were selected for inclusion. Numerous themes were identified explaining the barriers to and enablers of policy change, all of which fell under the overarching category of 'political will', underpinned by a second major category, 'public will'. Sub-themes, including pressure from industry, neoliberal ideology, use of emotions and values, and being visible, were prevalent in describing links between public will, political will and policy change.
The frustration around lack of public policy change in nutrition frequently stems from a belief that policy making is a rational process in which evidence is used to assess the relative costs and benefits of options. The findings from the present review confirm that evidence is only one component of influencing policy change. For policy change to occur there needs to be the political will, and often the public will, for the proposed policy problem and solution. The review presents a suite of enablers which can assist health professionals to influence political and public will in future advocacy efforts.
The main theories of the thriving field of study of public policies have been formulated at institutions of developed countries, mostly by the American academy, based on the particular conditions of ...policy-making processes of their own country. However, its heuristic premises are considered, initially, as universal and are used extensively in teaching and academic studies around the world.
This paper examines the complexities derived from the application of such predominant theoretical approaches to the study and teaching of public policies that are implemented in Latin American countries. Based on an extensive use of specialized literature, 10 public policy variables are identified and organized into two dimensions, one institutional and the other procedural. It is argued that the values of these variables in the countries of this region differ significantly from those observed in the United States, which reveals the explanatory shortcomings of those approaches to account for the particular modalities of public policymaking in these countries.
We present a review of more than 30 years of ecological restoration in the Brazilian part of the Atlantic Forest. Based on what has been done in this biome, we try to summarize the main findings and ...challenges for restoration in this highly threatened forest biome. We found that many past experiences did not result in self-perpetuating forests, for different reasons. Currently, most projects aim to construct self-sustaining communities and no longer see restoration as a deterministic process. We also found that the reconstruction of permanent forest with high diversity is feasible but it depends on the strategies applied and on the surrounding landscape. Although many new techniques have been created (e.g. seed rain management or promotion of natural regeneration), the most used one in the Atlantic Forest is still the planting of many native species from different functional groups. Native species are largely used and perform well even in highly disturbed environments. Today, many projects are trying to produce thousands of hectares of permanent forests and many technical advances are about to be incorporated. But restoration also faces some main challenges to become an effective and widespread means of conserving the Atlantic Forest which are, namely, reducing costs, planning restoration actions at landscape-level, and conforming to socio-political issues. The socio-political tools to overcome such barriers in practice have yet to be developed.
Summary Description
This book is primarily a celebration of the qualitative work undertaken internationally by a number of experienced researchers. It also focuses on developing the use of ...qualitative research for health and rehabilitative practitioners by recognizing its value methodologically and empirically. We find that the very nature of qualitative research offers an array of opportunities for researchers in being able to understand the social world around us. Further, through experience and discussion, this book identifies the multifaceted use of qualitative methods in the healthcare and rehabilitative setting. This book touches on the role of the researcher, the participants involved, and the research environment. In short, we see how these three central elements can affect the nature of qualitative work in attempts to offer originality. This text speaks to a number of audiences. Students who are writing undergraduate dissertations and research proposals, they may find the myriad of examples stimulating and may support the rationale for methodological decisions in their own work. For academics, practitioners, and prospective qualitative researchers this book also aims to demonstrate an array of opportunism in the field of qualitative research and how they may resonate with arguments proffered. It is anticipated that readers will find this collection of qualitative examples not only useful for informing their own research, but we also hope to enlighten new discussions and arguments regarding both methodological and empirical use of qualitative work internationally.
Features
Encompasses the importance of qualitative research and how it can be used to facilitate healthcare and rehabilitation across a wide range of health conditions.
Evaluates empirical data whilst critically applying it to contemporary practices.
Provides readers with an overview with future directions and influence policy makers in order to develop practice.
Focuses on an array of health conditions that can affect groups of the population, coincided with life issues and the care and family support received.
Offers innovative methodological insights for prospective researchers in order to add to the existing evidence base.
1. Introduction. 2. Qualitative Research in Rehabilitation. 3. Children and Young Adults. 4. Life Issues. 5. Older People. 6. Caregivers and Family Support. 7. Policymakers.
'As an introduction to qualitative work in rehabilitation settings with a focus on the perspective of healthcare professionals, this book provides sufficient information and examples of qualitative research that has been conducted by experts in their respective fields. This book is worth reading and I recommend it. The qualitative examples are useful for helping to inform readers about their own research and for demonstrating the value of qualitative research both methodologically and empirically.' - Dominique Kinnett-Hopkins , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Dr. Hayre is currently a lecturer in diagnostic radiography at the University of Suffolk. He has published both qualitative and quantitative refereed papers in the field of diagnostic radiography. He founded the Journal of Social Science & Allied Health Professions and remains Editor in Chief. He is currently writing a book chapter surrounding sustainable practices in medical imaging and is currently a visiting lecturer at the Odisee University in Brussels.
Professor Muller is currently Editor of the CRC series with Professor Marcia Scherer on Rehabilitation Science in Practice. He was founder Editor of the Journal Aphasiology and is currently Editor in Chief of the Journal Disability and Rehabilitation. He has published over forty refereed papers and has been involved either as Series Editor, Editor or Author of over fifty books. He is a visiting Professor at the University of Suffolk, United Kingdom.
Preterm Birth Butler, Adrienne Stith; Behrman, Richard E
03/2007
eBook
Odprti dostop
The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of ...overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups.
While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems.
Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
Este artículo examina las posibles consecuencias de la aplicación de la Evaluación Nacional Diagnóstica de Formación Inicial Docente o END FID que rindieron 1691 futuros profesores de matemáticas ...entre los años 2017 y 2019 en Chile. Se analizaron los resultados de la prueba de conocimientos disciplinares, y se contrastaron con variables temporales, institucionales, territoriales, y socioeducativas. Los resultados muestran que, si se asume que esta evaluación mide lo que pretende medir, independiente de la variable que se analice, una proporción importante de quienes serán profesores cuentan con conocimientos didácticos y disciplinares descendidos. Se generaría así un escenario donde los profesores ingresan al sistema con una “deuda” de conocimientos, bajo las lógicas institucionales dominantes. Esto puede generar consecuencias negativas en cuanto a la identidad de los docentes en formación, instituciones formadoras, y docentes en ejercicio, abriendo paso a un cuestionamiento del instrumento y su forma de aplicación.
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