The waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) is getting more and more attention because of its tremendous potential. But its application is limited by the higher content of impurities and the poor fuel ...performance. This paper is a review of components, properties and the utilization of WTPO, to supply some novel development pathways for it. This oil mainly consisted of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, while some of the impurities such as sulfide, nitride and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were also contained in the WTPO. Besides, this oil owns poor fuel properties such as low cetane number, low flash point and high density. Blending with diesel and cleaner production (contains desulfurization and denitrification) can reduce the pollutant emissions and enhance the fuel properties of WTPO. Additionally, it is necessary to enhance the value of WTPO to increase the economy of pyrolysis. The separation and purification of limonene and the fabrication of high-quality carbon materials and pyrolysis bitumen can be regard as the high-value utilization of WTPO. In terms of techno-economic and environmental, WTPO will become a popular subject for researchers. The integrated refinery concept of WTPO deserves more attention.
•The components and fuel properties of the WTPO have been summarized.•Blending with standard oil can be used to enhance the performance of WTPO and reduce the emissions.•The research of HDS and NHDS of WTPO have been reviewed.•The high-value utilization of WTPO has been extensively reviewed.
Co-pyrolysis of sludge and biomass was conducted to produce biochar with heavy metals solidification. The synergistic coupling mechanism and the surface functional groups and pore structure ...characteristics of co-pyrolytic biochar were studied. The solidification characteristics and mechanism of heavy metals were also investigated. Biomass composition in the co-pyrolysis system provided energy, solidified heavy metals and improved product quality. Compared with the weighted calculated value of two individual materials, the secondary decomposition process of co-pyrolysis was prolonged by approximately 80 °C and enhanced by 29%. OH bond, CH bond, and CO bond of co-pyrolytic biochar obtained at 500 °C increased significantly, and the carbon network structure and skeleton were enhanced, and the specific surface area increased by 102.8%, comparing with that of sludge biochar. The solidification effect of Cu and Cd in co-pyrolytic biochar was 29% and 50% higher than that in sludge biochar, respectively. The leaching rates of Cu and Cd in co-pyrolytic biochar were only 38.22% and 39.54% of that from sludge biochar. This study demonstrated that high-quality biochar with low heavy metal risk can be obtained by co-pyrolysis technology, which provides a potential way for the comprehensive utilization of industrial sludge and biomass.
•Co-pyrolysis of industrial sludge and biomass for biochar production was conducted.•Synergetic mechanism of industrial sludge and rice straw co-pyrolysis was studied.•Co-pyrolytic biochar exhibited more developed pore structure and functional groups.•Addition of biomass enhanced solidification of heavy metals in co-pyrolytic biochar.
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•Hydrogen increases by 18.48% from poplar pyrolysis on iron-based aluminum dross.•Iron-based aluminum dross enhances three-dimensional diffusion for hydrogen generation.•Tar ...condensation on 200AD-6 %Fe forms higher phenols for promoting hydrogen production.•COM complexes with more condensation of aromatic units improve hydrogen production.
Iron based on aluminum dross was prepared to enhance hydrogen production by impregnated method. The pyrolysis experiments are performed in a fix-bed reactor to obtain pyrolysis product distribution. The pyrolysis behavior of poplar on iron-based aluminum dross was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and hydrogen composition in pyrolysis gas were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The results show that iron-based aluminum dross has a significant effect on improving hydrogen generation. The iron-based aluminum dross with 6% iron on aluminum dross promotes hydrogen by 18.48% compared with poplar. The kinetic calculation shows that the activation energy increases by 20.53% at conversion rate of 0.8, indicating that iron-based aluminum dross increases the condensation reaction degree with the pyrolysis residue increasing and requires more external energy for bond dissociation at high-temperature stage. Hydrogen generation is dominated by contracting volume and diffusional theory controlled by Carbon-Oxygen-Metal (COM) active intermediate during pyrolysis on iron-based aluminum dross. Pyrolysis reactivity of poplar is improved during the reaction of A1-A4 nucleation and growth stage in low-temperature stage. The high-temperature stage follows the F3 and D3 models and the gas diffusion rate increases to enhance active intermediate generation for hydrogen production.
It is promising to convert waste oil and plastics to renewable fuels and chemicals by microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis, enabling pollution reduction and resource recovery. The purpose of this study ...was to evaluate the effect of catalysts on the product selectivity of microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and low-density polyethylene and optimize the pyrolysis process, including pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, waste cooking oil to low-density polyethylene ratio, and catalyst to feedstocks ratio. The results indicated that catalysts had a great influence on the product distribution, and the yield of BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes), which increased in the following order: SAPO-34 < Hβ < HY < HZSM-5. HZSM-5 was more active for the formation of light aromatic hydrocarbons as compared to others, where the concentrations of toluene, benzene and xylenes reached 252.59 mg/mL, 114.7 mg/mL and 132.91 mg/mL, respectively. The optimum pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, waste cooking oil to low-density polyethylene ratio and catalyst to feedstocks ratio could be 550 °C, 450 °C, 1:1 and 1:2, respectively, to maximize the formation of BTX and inhibit the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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•Microwave co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and LDPE comprehensively investigated.•HZSM-5 was the most effective aromatization catalyst for light aromatics.•This co-pyrolysis increased the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.•Benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and styrene were quantified.
In response to the growing demand for environmentally friendly lubrication, this study explores the potential of bio-oil-infused lubricants. The investigation focuses on the interaction between ...bio-oil, derived from raw bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) through microwave pyrolysis at power levels between 500 and 800 W at 700 ∘C, and the protic ionic liquid, OleyOleic. The bio-oil, predominantly composed of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is blended with OleyOleic at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 wt%. Friction measurements using a ball-on-disk setup reveal a substantial 58.9% reduction in friction and a 30.6% reduction in wear when OleyOleic is combined with bio-oil pyrolysed with a microwave power of 800 W. To maintain a low coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear for OleyOleic, it is imperative to aim for an optimal DEP:FAME ratio in the bio-oil of approximately 2.0, within concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 wt%. The study highlights the complex tribological balance among viscosity, load-bearing capacity, and the chemical nature of bio-oil components, contributing to enhanced lubricity. As industries increasingly seek eco-friendly lubrication, this study offers a valuable knowledge base for developing sustainable and high-performance lubricants derived from renewable biomass sources.
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•Bamboo bio-oil synthesised via microwave pyrolysis at 500–800 W power and 700 ∘C.•Bio-oil composed of Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) and FaCy Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).•Bio-oil added to OleyOleic ionic liquid at 1, 2 and 5 wt% concentraOons.•FricOon (58.9%) and wear (30.6%) reducOon at 1 wt% bio-oil (800 W)•OpOmal DEP:FAME raOo and bio-oil concentraOon idenOfied for enhanced lubricity.
This article has reported the synthesis of the Cu2MnSnS4 thin films of different thicknesses using a cost-effective spray pyrolysis technique. The X-ray diffraction results of the Cu2MnSnS4 thin ...films have demonstrated that the Cu2MnSnS4 films are polycrystalline in nature and exhibited a tetragonal structure. The linear optical results of the Cu2MnSnS4 thin films revealed that the films illustrate optical direct transitions and optical energy gaps in the range (1.49 eV–1.21 eV). The effect of thickness on the skin depth δ, absorption coefficient α, linear refractive index n and the static refractive index no of the Cu2MnSnS4 thin films was studied. Moreover, the results have displayed that there is an improvement in the magnitudes of the refractive index, optical conductivity, third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility and the nonlinear refractive index of the Cu2MnSnS4 thin films occurred with increasing the thickness.
•A promising CMTS thin films were synthesized by the spray pyrolysis technique.•The dispersion parameters of the CMTS thin films were studied.•The optical conductivity and skin depth of the CMTS thin films were evaluated.•The nonlinear optical constants of the CMTS thin films were evaluated and analyzed.
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), a rubber-producing plant with excellent potential, emerges as a viable substitute for rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). While natural rubber is a desirable material, ...conventional techniques for assessing rubber content have faced challenges in meeting practical production requirements. To address this issue, we have developed a pyrolysis–mass spectrometry (PY-MS) instrument for the quantitative evaluation of natural rubber (NR) content in rubber-producing plants. The derived standard curve equation, established for the detection of TKS dry weight through external standard calibration, demonstrates a correlation coefficient (Rsup.2) surpassing 0.99. The method exhibits commendable recovery rates (93.27–107.83%), relative standard deviations (RSD ≤ 3.93%), and a swift analysis time of merely 10 min per sample, thereby enabling accurate and efficient quantification of NR dry weight. Additionally, the PY-MS system we designed can be modified for vehicular use, enabling on-site, in situ analysis, and it provides substantial support for TKS breeding and propagation efforts. This approach possesses significant potential for extensive utilization in the assessment of rubber content in rubber-producing plants other than TKS. The integration of pyrolysis–mass spectrometry for the identification of polymers with high molecular weight offers a valuable pathway for the examination of diverse polymers.
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•Bio-waste underwent apparent decomposition in molten-salt pyrolysis at 300 °C.•Molten cations acted as catalysts and anions participated in products formation.•Cellulose pyrolysis ...was similar to hemicellulose, but totally differed from lignin.•Lignin was more likely pyrolyzed than (hemi)cellulose by forming more CO and H2.•(Hemi)cellulose reacted with anions to generate N-containing heterocycles, amines.
This study, for the first time, investigated the volatiles emission and thermochemical conversion mechanism of bio-waste during pyrolysis in molten salts (NaNO3-KNO3-NaNO2) at 300 °C. Cations of molten salts acted as catalysts while anions participated in the pyrolysis reaction. Compared with salt-free pyrolysis, more bio-waste was decomposed in molten salts, to produce more than 14 times the mass of gaseous products and twice the mass of liquid products. Furthermore, the thermochemical conversion behavior of typical biomass constituents, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, was also distinguished. The results suggested that lignin was most easily pyrolyzed to form numerous liquid acids, some nitrated aromatic compounds and more CO, H2. In contrast, the decomposition of cellulose was certainly restricted while more significant effects of anions were found in hemicellulose cracking by generating nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings and amines. Besides, interactions among different biomass constituents were confirmed to affect the generation of bio-waste pyrolysis products.
Abstract
Palladium promotion and deposition on
monoclinic
zirconia are effective strategies to boost the performance of bulk In
2
O
3
in CO
2
-to-methanol and could unlock superior reactivity if well ...integrated into a single catalytic system. However, harnessing synergic effects of the individual components is crucial and very challenging as it requires precise control over their assembly. Herein, we present ternary Pd-In
2
O
3
-ZrO
2
catalysts prepared by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) with remarkable methanol productivity and improved metal utilization, surpassing their binary counterparts. Unlike established impregnation and co-precipitation methods, FSP produces materials combining low-nuclearity palladium species associated with In
2
O
3
monolayers highly dispersed on the ZrO
2
carrier, whose surface partially transforms from a
tetragonal
into a
monoclinic-
like structure upon reaction. A pioneering protocol developed to quantify oxygen vacancies using in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals their enhanced generation because of this unique catalyst architecture, thereby rationalizing its high and sustained methanol productivity.
This study highlights the microwave-assisted optimization on the production of pyrolysis liquid oil (PLO) from oil palm fiber (OPF)focusing on the liquid oil yield and the concentration of total ...phenolic content (TPC). Final temperature (400–600 °C) and AC loading (50–100 g) showed significant effects on the PLO yield andTPC concentration, compared to the holding time (15–30 min), as verified by using response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD) approach. The TPC concentration is highly important for biomedical applications such as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent that will be presented in the future work. At optimum condition, highest PLO yield determined was 40.66 wt % together with 26.61 ± 0.96 mg gallic acid/g of TPC concentration. The major composition (73.4%) of concentrated pyrolysis liquid oil (CPLO)consisting of phenolic compound and its derivatives has been observed via GCMS analysis. Thus, this study successfully demonstrated the potential utilization of OPF as one of the sustainable feedstocks for the production of PLO.
•Optimization on the pyrolysis liquid oil (PLO) yield and the total phenolic content concentration from oil palm fiber.•Activated carbon assist in the rapid heating process in microwave-assisted pyrolysis and able to increase the PLO yield.•Final temperature was the most significant factor for both yield of PLO and TPC.
