Matters of Choice Lopez, Iris
2008, 20081210, 2008-12-10, 20080101
eBook
In Matters of Choice, Iris Lopez presents a comprehensive analysis of the dichotomous views that have portrayed sterilization either as part of a coercive program of population control or as a means ...of voluntary, even liberating, fertility control by individual women. Drawing upon her twenty-five years of research on sterilized Puerto Rican women from five different families in Brooklyn, Lopez untangles the interplay between how women make fertility decisions and their social, economic, cultural, and historical constraints.
It is increasingly implausible to speak of a purely domestic abortion law, as the legal debates around the world draw on precedents and influences of different national and regional contexts. While ...the United States and Western Europe may have been the vanguard of abortion law reform in the latter half of the twentieth century, Central and South America are proving to be laboratories of thought and innovation in the twenty-first century, as are particular countries in Africa and Asia.Abortion Law in Transnational Perspectiveoffers a fresh look at significant transnational legal developments in recent years, examining key judicial decisions, constitutional texts, and regulatory reforms of abortion law in order to envision ways ahead.
The chapters investigate issues of access, rights, and justice, as well as social constructions of women, sexuality, and pregnancy, through different legal procedures and regimes. They address the promises and risks of using legal procedure to achieve reproductive justice from different national, regional, and international vantage points; how public and courtroom debates are framed within medical, religious, and human rights arguments; the meaning of different narratives that recur in abortion litigation and language; and how respect for women and prenatal life is expressed in various legal regimes. By exploring how legal actors advocate, regulate, and adjudicate the issue of abortion, this timely volume seeks to build on existing developments to bring about change of a larger order.
Contributors:Luis Roberto Barroso, Paola Bergallo, Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, Joanna N. Erdman, Lisa M. Kelly, Adriana Lamačková, Julieta Lemaitre, Alejandro Madrazo, Charles G. Ngwena, Rachel Rebouché, Ruth Rubio-Marín, Sally Sheldon, Reva B. Siegel, Verónica Undurraga, Melissa Upreti.
Abstract Access to youth friendly health services is vital for ensuring sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and well-being of adolescents. This study is a descriptive review of the effectiveness of ...initiatives to improve adolescent access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) in low- and middle-income countries. We examined four SRHS intervention types: (1) facility based, (2) out-of-facility based, (3) interventions to reach marginalized or vulnerable populations, (4) interventions to generate demand and/or community acceptance. Outcomes assessed across the four questions included uptake of SRHS or sexual and reproductive health commodities and sexual and reproductive health biologic outcomes. There is limited evidence to support the effectiveness of initiatives that simply provide adolescent friendliness training for health workers. Data are most ample (10 initiatives demonstrating weak but positive effects and one randomized controlled trial demonstrating strong positive results on some outcome measures) for approaches that use a combination of health worker training, adolescent-friendly facility improvements, and broad information dissemination via the community, schools, and mass media. We found a paucity of evidence on out-of-facility–based strategies, except for those delivered through mixed-use youth centers that demonstrated that SRHS in these centers are neither well used nor effective at improving SRH outcomes. There was an absence of studies or evaluations examining outcomes among vulnerable or marginalized adolescents. Findings from 17 of 21 initiatives assessing demand-generation activities demonstrated at least some association with adolescent SRHS use. Of 15 studies on parental and other community gatekeepers' approval of SRHS for adolescents, which assessed SRHS/commodity uptake and/or biologic outcomes, 11 showed positive results. Packages of interventions that train health workers, improve facility adolescent friendliness, and endeavor to generate demand through multiple channels are ready for large-scale implementation. However, further evaluation of these initiatives is needed to clarify mechanisms and impact, especially of specific program components. Quality research is needed to determine effective means to deliver services outside the facilities, to reach marginalized or vulnerable adolescents, and to determine effective approaches to increase community acceptance of adolescent SRHS.
Abstract This article provides a conceptual framework and points out the key elements for creating enabling environments for adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH). An ecological framework ...is applied to organize the key elements of enabling environments for ASRH. At the individual level, strategies that are being implemented and seem promising are those that empower girls, build their individual assets, and create safe spaces. At the relationship level, strategies that are being implemented and seem promising include efforts to build parental support and communication as well as peer support networks. At the community level, strategies to engage men and boys and the wider community to transform gender and other social norms are being tested and may hold promise. Finally, at the broadest societal level, efforts to promote laws and policies that protect and promote human rights and address societal awareness about ASRH issues, including through mass media approaches, need to be considered.
Abstract The International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994 laid out a bold, clear, and comprehensive definition of reproductive health and called for nations to meet the ...educational and service needs of adolescents to enable them to deal in a positive and responsible way with their sexuality. In the context of the ongoing review of the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action and the considerations for a post-2015 development agenda, this article summarizes the findings of the articles presented in this volume and identifies key challenges and critical answers that need to be tackled in addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. The key recommendations are to link the provision of sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services; build awareness, acceptance, and support for youth-friendly SRH education and services; address gender inequality in terms of beliefs, attitudes, and norms; and target the early adolescent period (10–14 years). The many knowledge gaps, however, point to the pressing need for further research on how to best design effective adolescent SRH intervention packages and how best to deliver them.
Abstract Mortality rates among Latin American women reflect the disproportionate exposure to gender‐based violence in the global south. The United States has been critical of national governments in ...Latin America for their response to prevent and address feminicidio s, or gender‐based violence. Yet, data show that women in the United States also die at alarming rates. The United States is facing a maternal mortality problem. Evidence suggests that the maternal mortality rate in the United States is higher relative to other high‐income countries and in Texas the rate is higher than the national average. This paper has three aims. First, I contextualize my discussion of maternal mortality as structural violence within the broader discussions of feminicidio s. Second, I outline how state policies in Texas that regulate access to Medicaid and target reproductive rights are a form of structural violence against women because they negatively impact maternal mortality. Finally, I conclude by noting how data visualization that more directly connects the relationship between policies and maternal mortality can expand our understanding of the different ways in which women are systematically harmed.
Resumen Las tasas de mortalidad entre las mujeres latinoamericanas reflejan la exposición desproporcionada a la violencia de género en el sur global. Estados Unidos ha criticado a los gobiernos nacionales de América Latina por su respuesta para prevenir y abordar los feminicidios. Sin embargo, los datos muestran que las mujeres en Estados Unidos también mueren a un ritmo alarmante. Estados Unidos se enfrenta a un problema de mortalidad materna. La evidencia sugiere que la tasa de mortalidad materna en los Estados Unidos es más alta en relación con otros países de altos ingresos y en Texas la tasa es más alta que el promedio nacional (Texas Health and Human Services 2020). Este artículo tiene tres objetivos. Primero, contextualizo mi discusión sobre la mortalidad materna como violencia estructural dentro de las discusiones más amplias sobre los feminicidios. En segundo lugar, describo cómo las políticas estatales en Texas que regulan el acceso a Medicaid y tienen como objetivo los derechos reproductivos son una forma de violencia estructural contra las mujeres porque impactan negativamente la mortalidad materna. Finalmente, concluyo señalando cómo una visualización de datos que conecte más directamente la relación entre las políticas y la mortalidad materna puede ampliar nuestra comprensión de las diferentes formas en que las mujeres son sistemáticamente perjudicadas.
摘要 拉丁美洲妇女的死亡率反映了南方国家存在严重的基于性别的暴力。美国一直批评拉丁美洲各国政府在“预防和应对女性杀戮或基于性别的暴力”方面所采取的响应措施。然而, 数据显示, 美国妇女的死亡率也令人担忧。美国正面临孕产妇死亡率问题。有证据表明, 与其他高收入国家相比, 美国的孕产妇死亡率较高, 而德克萨斯州的孕产妇死亡率高于美国全国平均水平 (Texas Health and Human Services 2020)。本文有三个目标。第一, 我将“关于孕产妇死亡率的讨论”视为结构性暴力, 并将其置于更广泛的女性杀戮情境中。第二, 我概述了德克萨斯州用于监管医疗补助获取和针对生殖权利的州政策如何成为针对妇女的结构性暴力的一种形式, 因为这些政策对孕产妇死亡率产生了负面影响。最后, 我的结论指出, 数据可视化如何更直接地在政策与孕产妇死亡率之间建立关系, 从而扩大我们对“妇女受到不同方式的系统性伤害”的理解。
Debates regarding reproductive rights have waxed and waned since the early twentieth century. The current front-and-center debate draws this discussion into tighter focus. Challenges to reproductive ...rights, changes in definitions of personhood and a pending decision regarding Roe v Wade could change the management and options regarding the disposition of frozen embryos. This commentary outlines how changes in abortion law and reproductive rights could potentially impact the options available to both patients and clinics.
Experiences of women with Zika virus Ocampo Cañas, Jovana Alexandra; Pinilla Alfonso, Maria Janeth; Navarro Plazas, Clemencia del Pilar ...
PloS one,
12/2021, Letnik:
16, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the epidemic of the ZIKA virus (ZIKV) in Latin America to be a public health emergency. In Colombia, 11,944 pregnant women registered a ...ZIKV infection during the epidemic. So far, little is known about the experiences of women infected with ZIKV during their pregnancy, especially those relating to the provision of health services during the period of the epidemic. To explore the experiences of pregnant women diagnosed with ZIKV infection about the provision of health services in two Colombian cities, considering the perspective of sexual and reproductive rights. Qualitative study under the grounded theory approach, which uses semi-structured interviews as tools to explore the biographical experience of mothers during their gestation process and ZIKV infection, dividing the interview into two broad categories: before and during pregnancy. Twenty-two women were interviewed, 10 in Cali and 12 in Villavicencio. The average age at the time of pregnancy was 27.6 years. Most women were not planning at the time of pregnancy and the pregnancy was unwanted. Most campaigns focused on mosquito eradication rather than on sexual and reproductive health campaigns. The quality of health care was not sufficient, adequate, or appropriate. Also, the breakdown of the health system to deal with the pandemic was also noted. Some women were treated with disrespect by health professionals. Voluntary termination of pregnancy was inadequately advised, and women lost autonomy regarding decisions about their health. In the health care of ZIKV epidemics, it is necessary to include the gender perspective, more specifically, sexual and reproductive rights. In addition, these epidemics must be addressed through a comprehensive, appropriate, and not fragmented health system, in which sexual and reproductive rights must be mainstreamed in all health promotion and prevention programs.
Training in cardiothoracic surgery coincides with a time when many plan their families. Many choose to delay childbearing until the end of training, 33% of women and 20% of men reported using ...assisted reproductive technology (ART). States have varying laws regarding abortion and ART, which can impact these decisions. Our purpose was to elucidate the intersection of such laws and the training positions available in cardiothoracic surgery.
We identified abortion laws, abortion laws regarding insurance coverage, personhood laws that potentially impact ART, and insurance coverage of ART using publicly available data. We created choropleth maps with cardiothoracic surgery training positions identified using the National Resident Matching Program Match data for 2024.
29.4% of cardiothoracic surgery programs (47 out of 160) are situated in states with abortion restrictions. Of 48 integrated training positions, 10 are in states with abortion restrictions. Similarly, 32 of 95 traditional thoracic positions and 5 of 17 congenital positions are in states abortion restrictions. 25.6% of cardiothoracic training programs reside in states that grant personhood before birth, potentially impacting ART. Insurance coverage for abortion and ART are variable. See Figure 7 for a graphical abstract of the study.
Valuing reproductive rights like access to abortion, insurance coverage and ART can potentially impact training opportunities in cardiothoracic surgery.
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