Senovės retorikos specialistai (Aristotelis, Ciceronas, Kvintilianas) kreipė daug dėmesio į emocinį oratorinio meno aspektą, analizavo būdus, kuriais galima sukelti emocijas. Emocijų svarba buvo ...pabrėžiama ir 17 a. N. Caussinus, S. Lauxmin and A. Juglaris, žymių 17 a. retorikos mokslininkų, idėjos aptariamos šiame straipsnyje. Daroma išvada, kad emocijų nagrinėjimas oratorinio meno rėmuose turėjo didelį poveikį psichologijai ir filosofijai.
Zamaskirani jezik mržnje Terzić, Dario
In medias res,
05/2022, Letnik:
11, Številka:
20
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Jezik sam po sebi nije savršeno sredstvo komunikacije, pa često značenje koje riječima pridaje onaj tko ih je izgovorio ili napisao nije istovjetno s mnoštvom značenja koja riječima daju oni koji ih ...slušaju ili čitaju. Riječima nije teško manipulirati.Govor mržnje obuhvaća izjave koje zastrašuju, uznemiravaju pojedince i grupe ali i izjave koje pozivaju na nasilje, mržnju te na diskriminaciju pojedinca ili grupa. Razlozi za mržnju i diskriminaciju su uglavnom: rasa, vjera, spol ili seksualna orijentacija.Govor mržnje postaje još kompleksniji ako se zna da on uopće i ne mora počivati na lažima i uvredama. Na pomolu je estetizacija mržnje, maskiranje jezika mržnje kroz provokativne, intrigantne pa nerijetko i zapaljive sadržaje. Kako bi privukli pažnju, novinari upotrebljavaju i naslove koji danas, u eri online medija mogu izazvati vrlo zlonamjerne komentare na forumima, pa tako stvoriti negativno i neprijateljsko ozračje.
Language itself is not an ideal method of communication, therefore the meaning given to words by the one who uttered or wrote them is often not identical to the multitude of meanings given to words by those who listen or read them. Words are not difficult to manipulate with.Hate speech includes statements that intimidate, harass individuals or groups, but it includes also statements that call for violence, hatred and discrimination against individuals or groups.Reasons for hatred and discrimination are mainly: race, religion, gender or sexual orientation.Hate speech becomes even more complex when we know that it does not have to be based on lies and insults at all. The aestheticization of hatred and the masking of hate speech through provocative, intriguing and often inflammatory contents are on the horizon. In the era of online media, journalists also use headlines that can provoke today very malicious comments on forums in order to draw attention and thus create a negative and hostile atmosphere.
Članak analizira Pavlovu poslanicu Galaćanima po principima retoričkog kriticizma. Ovakav pristup biblijskim tekstovima postao je prominentan u posljednjih četrdesetak godina. Rani zagovornici ove ...metode djelovali su pod pretpostavkom da je Pavao pisao u skladu s tada poznatim retoričkim priručnicima. U tom smislu, uvod članka propituje odnos Pavlovih poslanica i antičke retorike i literarnog svijeta. Također istražuje mogućnost prihvaćanja šireg koncepta retorike kojega pruža moderno proučavanje te discipline. Uvod članka zaključuju pitanje odnosa retorike i epistolografije, kao i pitanje raspodjele retoričkog čina i njegove primjene na Poslanicu Galaćanima. Zatim započinje analiza glavnih retoričkih elemenata Poslanice Galaćanima, koja će zbog ograničenosti prostora biti nastavljena u sljedećem članku.
The article analyses Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians according to the principles of rhetorical criticism. This approach to biblical text has become prominent in the last four decades. Early adherents of this method worked under the assumption that Paul wrote in conformity with the then known manuals of rhetoric. To that effect, the introduction of the article questions the relationship between Paul’s epistles and the ancient rhetoric and literary world. It also analyses the possibility of accepting a broader understanding of rhetoric offered by the modern study of the discipline. The introduction is concluded by the question of the relationship between rhetoric and epistolography, as well as the question of partition of the rhetorical act and its application to the Epistle to the Galatians. It is followed by the analysis of the main rhetorical elements of the Epistle to the Galatians, which will, due to the limited space, be continued in a future issue of this journal.
U ovome radu razmišlja se o govoru u djelatnostima odgoja i obrazovanja te o govornim sposobnostima potrebnima odgojitelju, učitelju i nastavniku za uspješno upućivanje djece i mladih ljudi u proces ...stjecanja znanja, ali i vrlina potrebnih za dobar život i suživot s drugima. Pritom se na odgojiteljev (učiteljev, nastavnikov) govor gleda kao na jedinstvo dviju njegovih nerazdvojnih sastavnica – komunikacijske i retoričke. Ističe se, danas često zanemarena, potreba njegovanja i retoričke sastavnice odgojiteljskoga govora, ne samo komunikacijske. U tom se kontekstu donose izabrani retorički naputci za govor u odgoju i obrazovanju, oprimjereni mislima rimskoga retoričara Kvintilijana te europskoga i hrvatskoga kršćanskoga humanista Marka Marulića.
This paper contemplates the language used in education as well as the linguistic skills that pre-school teachers and teachers need to master so that they may introduce children, pupils and students into the process of knowledge acquisition and, no less importantly, the acquisition of the virtues one needs to have in order to lead a good life and live harmoniously with the individuals in their environment. The language of the (pre-school) teacher is here viewed as consisting of two inseparable components – communicative and rhetorical. The focus is on the need to cherish not only the communicative component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language, but also the rhetorical one as the latter is often neglected in the present day and age. The rhetorical component of the (pre-school) teacher’s language is exceptionally important in the instructional language used by the pre-school teacher or teacher to communicate the taught material to the students as well as in the relational speech used by the (pre-school) teacher in child nurture; i.e. in mediating when working to solve children’s problems and conflicts, in creating positive relations between individuals in an educational establishment, in creating efficient relations with the parents of the children that are being cared for, etc. In the mentioned context this paper delivers good practice guidance for (pre-school) teachers related to the values good language used in education should have. The text is inspired by two canonical European masterpieces: the work of the Roman rhetorician Marcus Fabius Quintilianus Institutio oratoria (1st century) and the work of the European and Croatian Christian humanist Marko Marulić Institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (16th century). Many parts of the selected works are very much applicable in the education of young people today, even though centuries apart from the circumstances in which those works were created. It is shown that the fundamental values of the words a (pre-school) teacher uses when interacting with children have remained unchanged since two thousand years ago until the present day. The concept of education we have today, in which a young person acquires the knowledge they need for life as well as the virtues necessary for fruitful coexistence with the individuals in their environment, stems from classicism that has been merged with Christian values. This good language guidance exemplified by the ideas presented in the mentioned two works will contribute to the quality of the (pre-school) teacher’s language used in the education of children, but also to the speech children exchange between them and all of the speech used for communication in the educational establishment. This is due to the fact that the (pre-school) teacher provides a communicational role model used by the children to shape their own communication. Children form their vocabulary and language on the basis of the vocabulary and language the (pre-school) teacher uses. Therefore, it is crucial to repetitively point to the values of good language to be used in the education of young people.
Rana lingvistička istraživanja pokazala su da se neke od najvećih razlika između govora muškaraca i žena mogu naći na razini diskursa. Različite lingvističke strategije koje koriste u svom govoru ...uvjetovane su društvenim ulogama, odnosno različitim položajem muškaraca i žena u društvu. Uz to, strategije koje govornici koriste na diskursnoj razini često se povezuju s odnosima moći i solidarnosti. Ovaj se rad fokusira na politički diskurs retoričke razgovorne (dijaloške) vrste televizijskoga političkog intervjua. S obzirom na važnost društvenog surječja i odnosa moći u političkom govoru, postavljena su dva cilja: 1) istražiti način na koji sugovornici (novinari) komuniciraju s muškim i ženskim sugovornicima na položaju moći (premijer Andrej Plenković i predsjednica Kolinda Grabar Kitarović); 2) ispitati postoje li razlike u načinu na koji muškarci i žene argumentiraju svoje stavove u prijeporima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se stav sugovornika prema osobi na položaju moći razlikuje ovisno o rodu te osobe s obzirom na preklapanje i prekidanje govora. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da govoreći o istim temama vezanim za međusobnu komunikaciju, premijer i predsjednica koriste različite načine argumentiranja u odnosu na logičke pogreške i smicalice. Predsjednica koristi smicalice istančanog razlikovanja, odlaganje (ad socordiam), navođenje suprotnog primjera (exemplum in contrarium) te argumente iz korisnosti (argumentum ab utile), dok premijer koristi odlaganje i sofističke obrane koji su udruženi s natjecanjem u važnosti, antiparastazu, protupitanja, duhovite upadice koje uključuju ironiju. Takav premijerov izbor smicalica podupire narativ dominantnosti.
Early linguistic research has shown that some of the greatest differences between male and female speech can be found at the level of discourse. Different linguistic strategies depend on different social roles or different social positions of men and women. Apart from that, the strategies used at the level of discourse are often associated with power and solidarity. This paper focuses on political discourse or more precisely on rhetorical conversation (dialogue) in the form of a political TV interview. By taking into account the importance of social context and power relations in political speech, two different aims have been set: 1) to research how interviewers (journalists) communicate with men and women in the position of power (Prime Minister Andrej Plenković and President of the Republic of Croatia Kolinda Grabar Kitarović); 2) to investigate whether there are any differences in argumentation depending on the speaker’s gender. The research results have shown that the interviewer’s attitude towards the person in the position of power, as well as the number of interruptions and overlaps, differs depending on the gender of that person. Furthermore, it has been determined that the Prime Minister and the President use different methods of argumentation and different logical fallacies when talking about the subjects related to their mutual communication. The President uses fallacies such as phantom distinction, appeal to postponement or ad socordiam, exemplum in contrarium and argumentum ab utili. On the other hand, the Prime Minister uses appeal to postponement and sophisms, together with the priority argument (competition per importance), antiperistasis, counterquestions and humour including irony. The Prime Minister’s choice of fallacies supports the narrative expressing dominance.
U članku se po prvi put kritičko-analitičkom metodom vizualne retorike analiziraju radovi i vizualne taktike u formiranju reklamnih poruka o svrsi i djelovanju Plivinih proizvoda jednog od ...najznačajnijih hrvatskih dizajnera, Milana Vulpea. Rad se temelji na istraživanju sačuvanih reklamnih materijala (brošura, deplijana, oglasa) za Tvornicu farmaceutskih i kemijskih proizvoda Pliva koji su od 2014. godine postali dio fundusa Zbirke grafičkog dizajna Muzeja za umjetnost i obrt. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje načinu na koji Vulpe kroz metodički pristup dizajnu vizualnih komunikacija sustavno gradi odnos s Plivinom ciljanom publikom.
For the first time, the article analyzes works and visual tactics in the formation of advertising messages about the purpose and operation of Pliva’s products of one of the most important Croatian designers, Milan Vulpe. The work is based on the research of preserved advertising materials (brochures, leaflets, advertisements) for the Pliva pharmaceutical and chemical products factory, which since 2014 have become part of the Museum of Arts and Crafts’ graphic design collection. Special attention is paid to the way Vulpe systematically builds a relationship with Pliva’s target audience through a methodical approach to visual communication design.
Ovaj članak nastoji upoznati čitatelja sa pitanjem cjelovitosti (integriteta) Prve poslanice Korinćanima u kojem se raspravlja kompozicijsko, tj. strukturalno jedinstvo poslanice. S jedne strane, ...imamo zagovornike cjelovitosti i jedinstva poslanice, dok, s druge strane, imamo razne teorije koje zagovaraju stav da se radi o poslanici koja je sastavljena od više izvorno različitih pisama. Upravo je glavna svrha članka učvrstiti stav o cjelovitosti poslanice kao jedinstvenog književnog djela, a ne kompilacije više dokumenata. Poslanica koja se nalazi pred nama je ista ona poslanica koju je izvorno napisao Apostol Pavao i koja je najvjerojatnije sastavljana kroz duže vremensko razdoblje. U konačnici, ovaj rad ima za cilj dokazati kako su sadašnja poslanica i Pavlova poruka Evanđelja shvatljivi i bez objašnjenja raznih teorija podjele koje nisu neophodne za njezino razumijevanje. Struktura rada stavlja naglasak na potrebu razlikovanja između pitanja autentičnosti (vjerodostojnosti), koje se bavi isključivo osobom autora, i pitanja cjelovitosti (integriteta), koje zanima sastav i struktura same poslanice. Prvi dio rada na temelju vanjskih i unutarnjih dokaza ustvrđuje vjerodostojnost Pavlovog autorstva nad Prvom poslanicom Korinćanima, koje još uvijek nije dovedeno u pitanje, za razliku od jedinstva poslanice, koje se ozbiljno propitkuje, makar većina današnjih stručnjaka još uvijek zagovara cjelovitost poslanice. Drugi dio rada u glavnim crtama objašnjava zajedničke točke raznih teorija podjele koje promatraju ovu poslanicu kao složeni dokumenat sastavljen od više pisama. Zatim se predstavljaju glavne značajke teorije srednjeg puta koja nastoji ostati nepristrana te umjesto različitih pisama govori o različitim izdanjima jedne te iste poslanice. Međutim, njezin završni prijedlog ide u smjeru viđenja Prve Korinćanima kao složene poslanice od dva izvorno neovisna pisma, čime se pretvara u samo jednu od varijanti teorija podjele koje zagovaraju nejedinstvenu i složenu narav poslanice. Nakon izlaganja o teorijama podjele i srednjeg puta, slijedi odgovor zagovornika cjelovitosti Prve Korinćanima koji uspijevaju dokazati neuvjerljivost prethodnih dokaza o podjeli te ih pobijaju bez poteškoća značajnim argumentima u korist književnog i svekolikog jedinstva poslanice. Treći i posljednji dio rada sažima i proširuje tvrdnje o cjelovitosti poslanice te još snažnije naglašava njezin jedinstveni sastav i strukturu. Osobito je stavljen naglasak na ishod literarno-retoričke analize u vidu uvjerljive retoričko-epistolarne strukture koja naglašava retoričko i tematsko jedinstvo poslanice kada se promatra kao deliberativno pismo ili govor koje poziva na slogu i jedinstvo unutar kršćanske zajednice u Korintu. Zaključak objašnjava da teoriji srednjeg puta, koja još traga za vlastitim identitetom, i različitim teorijama podjele nedostaju uvjerljivi i nepobitni dokazi protiv cjelovitosti i strukturalnog jedinstva Prve poslanice Korinćanima. Mnoštvo proturječnih teorija koje nastoje objasniti poslanicu kao složenicu različitih pisama ili kao plod različitih izdanja iste poslanice, zapravo predstavljaju najbolji dokaz protiv takvih teorija. U konačnici, sve dok je poslanicu moguće razumjeti i objasniti u cijelosti bez raznih teorija podjele i sve dok ona vjerodostojno prenosi izvornu Pavlovu poruku Evanđelja Isusa Krista, takve teorije su suvišne i nepotrebne.
This paper provides a review of the history of terms which were used in Croatian literary criticism and folkloristics to name oral rhetorical genres (counting-out rhymes, tongue-twisters, blessing, ...curses, verbal charms, toasts and mocking rhymes). Relative terminological stability is currently maintained in that the terms used in contemporary research are seemingly synonyms: retorički/govornički žanrovi (rhetorical/oratorical genres) or usmenoknjiževna retorika /govorništvo (oral literary rhetoric/oratory).
Concepts that were propounded by the Russian contemplator Mikhael Bakhtin based on his literature reviews, such as dialogue, dialogy and carnivalesque are also used in studies on popular culture. ...According to Bakhthin, at the carnival, a public culture which is positioned as an opposition to the official culture, carries the laughter, the collective life rhythms of the nature and the resistance and functions of the body to language and literature. Carnival square is a public conscience which reveals itself as a ridicule to every kind of official position and seriousness, overturning all hierarchies, celebration of all kinds of violations of conduct codes by profanity, insults and vulgarity, and all extremes of physical appetite. Bakhtin explains that all “semi serious-semi humorous genres” are associated with carnivalesque folklore. All of them are loaded with a sense of carnival which is more or less specific to the world. “Semi serious-semi humorous genres” are associated with carnivalesque folklore. All of them are loaded with a sense of carnival which is more or less specific to the world and some of them are direct literary variations of direct verbal carnivalesque-folk genres. The rhetorical elements are found in all half serious - half humorous genres and has a heterophonic nature; a multi pitched narration and intertwined genres and styles are frequently seen. Musician Karahan Kadırman, in his performances entitled “Muzika-Retorika”, uses a style which he establishes a dialogue with the audience. Kadırman defines Müzika-Retorika as a genre in which individuals discuss “similarities and differences, the society that freezes these similarities and differences, politics which legalize and sometimes shatter these similarities and differences, the psychology and the ethics that fluctuate within these similarities and differences” and the musician performs with multi instruments on the “field” sounds that were recorded during these discussions. According to Kadırman, “to form a multi-genred association as a protest against popular and customary within the urban music culture, by means of ortaoyunu (a eulogy show in ottoman culture and entertainment life), cabarets, musicals, performance arts, minstrel traditions and other art disciplines, encouraging to speak on what cannot be spoken and criticizing the authoritarian structure is important”. The aim of this study is to analyze Musical Rhetoric within the contexts of Carnival and dialogue.
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