The purpose of this article is to review fibrosis staging systems, reversibility of fibrosis, histologic pattern of fibrosis regression, and recently proposed fibrosis staging systems that address ...the more nuanced fibrosis information needed clinically for management purposes. In most chronic liver diseases, the extent of liver fibrosis often drives patient outcomes. The evolving knowledge of the reversibility of fibrosis and the observed patterns of fibrosis seen in the setting of remodeling/regression can create staging difficulties, and problems in applying the existing “conventional” staging systems. The heterogeneity of liver fibrosis in congestive liver disease is an emerging problem in biopsies from patients with congestive heart failure. The fibrosis staging in these biopsies is of significant import as it is used to determine suitability of some congestive heart disease patients for heart transplantation alone, dual heart and liver transplantation, or be denied transplantation. Pathologist should be aware of these newly recognized concepts, the recently proposed staging systems that attempt to incorporate these new fibrosis patterns and be able to apply the knowledge in daily practice.
•The hepatic repair complex comprises histologic features of regression of cirrhosis.•Incorporation of fibrosis regression in staging e.g. Beijing system is needed.•Fibrosis heterogeneity in congestive liver disease impact biopsy reporting.
•A new Schiff-base probe Sal-cn was developed and used for the reversible detection Al3+ (which can reversibly react to Al3+for 3 times) with high selectivity and sensitivity.•There was a significant ...increase in fluorescence at 435 nm and absorbance at 369 nm and 320 nm of the probe Sal-cn with the addition of Al3+.•LOD values for Al3+ were determined to be 0.21 μM which is lower compared to the reported values.•The mechanism was carried out by Job's plot, HR-MS and DFT, and the endogenous of Al3+ in living cells was investigated.
Aluminium plays an important role in many areas, which has been shown to be associated with some serious diseases. According to the coordination of aluminium with N and O, we conducted probe Sal-cn for the detection of Al3+, the structure of Sal-cn was determined by HR-MS, NMR and IR. Sal-cn showed a good selective and sensitive response towards Al3+ via a fluorescence turn-on output. The detection limit was 0.21 μM. The mechanism was carried out by Job's plot, HR-MS and DFT and related to the coordination of aluminium. What's more, the reversibility showed that Sal-cn could be used for 3 times. Besides, Sal-cn was used for imaging of Al3+ in HEK293T cells.
A simple, selective and reliable probe was investigated for the reversible detection of Al3+ (which can reversibly respond to Al3+ for 3 times), allowing us to visualise and analyse Al3+ with a low detection limit (0.21 μM) in living cells. Display omitted
Understanding physiological and pathological processes in the brain requires tracking the reversible changes in chemical signals with long‐term stability. In their Research Article on page 14429, ...Yang Tian and co‐workers developed a new anti‐biofouling microfiber array to monitor in real time the reversible changes and quantify extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ together with neuron activity across many regions in the mammalian brain for 60 days. Based on this powerful new sensor, the significant influence of ROS on Ca2+ overload and neuron death was discovered during pathogenesis and the treatment of stroke.
Studying structure–activity correlations of electrocatalysts is essential for improving the conversion of electrical to chemical energy. Recently, increasing evidence obtained by operando ...characterization techniques reveal that the structural evolution of catalysts caused by the interplay with electric fields, electrolytes and reactants/intermediates brings about the formation of real active sites. Hence, it is time to summarize structural evolution related research advances and envisage future developments. In this Minireview, we first introduce the fundamental concepts associated with structural evolution (e.g., catalysts, active sites/centers and stability/lifetime) and their relevance. Then, the multiple triggers of structural evolution and advanced operando characterizations are discussed. Significantly, a brief overview of structural evolution and its reversibility in heterogeneous electrocatalysis is provided, especially for the representative electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) processes. Lastly, key challenges and opportunities in this exciting field are highlighted.
Structural evolution is crucial to the development of active sites for renewable energy‐conversion technologies involving heterogeneous electrocatalysis. In this Minireview, fundamental concepts related to structural evolution are described. A critical overview of multiple triggers, reversibility and operando characterizations is presented, and the application of structural evolution in important electrocatalytic reactions is presented.
•Enhanced dispersion produces high degree of SWI reversibility but long SWR period.•Groundwater level increase/decline rates determine the lag time in SWI/SWR cycle.•Highly heterogeneous ...characteristics leads to fast system response during the SWI.•SWR process consists of a TZ widening stage and a following aquifer flushing stage.
It is essential to understand basis processes affecting the reversibility of seawater intrusion (SWI) and the related timescale after groundwater pumping stopped for coastal groundwater management. Groundwater salinity variations presented by previous studies showed a fast SWI process and the following seawater retreat (SWR) process indicated by overall salinity decrease in the coast karst aquifer in the Dalian Peninsula, northeast China. Cross-sectional variable-density flow and transport simulations using equivalent porous medium (EPM) model, dual-domain (DDM) model and the EPM with a single discrete feature representative of conduit flow (EPM-DF) are conducted to understand the SWI reversibility related to the characteristics of the flow system, including aquifer parameters and seaside boundary conditions. Large dispersity combined with a low salinity concentration at the sea boundary are necessary in the EPM and DDM models to produce a fast SWI and low salinity concentration as observed. The enhanced dispersion in the DDM model enhances the mixing in the transition zone (TZ) and produces more obvious seasonal variation but longer SWR process compared to the EPM model. The EPM-DF model produces significant salinity seasonal variation during the SWI process and a fast decrease in the SWR process. The overall fast system response but low peak concentration during the SWI might be attributed to the highly heterogeneous characteristics of the karst aquifer system, which produces a wide front edge of TZ as observed. The dispersion-dominated EPM and DDM models produced higher degree of SWI reversibility compared to the EPM-DF model, as indicated by the weaker lag effects between groundwater levels and salinity concentration. Moreover, the SWI reversibility may arise not only from the heterogeneous characteristics of the karstic aquifer system but also from the rate for rise in the inland groundwater level during the seasonal variation cycle. An overall SWR process can be divided into two stages: the first stage with rapid decrease in salinity concentration but small changes in toe associated with TZ widening and the second stage with rapid toe retreat during aquifer flushing. The flushing of the brine leakage from the solar salt field may extend the SWR process. Considering this relatively longer water quality response time than the time span in general groundwater management plans, a reasonable objective and how maintain the hydraulic head during the SWI controlling have been of a great concern to the coastal groundwater management.
Display omitted
•The service life of the materials increases via spontaneous repairing the cracks.•Efficiency of the self-healing materials depends on the number of H and G groups.•Among guest ...molecules, the adamantane has a high association constant with the β-CD.•The Fc/β-CD complexes are responsive to the clean and simple electrochemical stimuli.•The azobenzene/β-CD complexes are suitable for light-responsive applications.•Cholic acid as a natural guest promotes the biocompatibility of self-healing materials.•The new synthetic strategies reported in this review allow for different applications.
The self-healing property increases the service life of materials by spontaneously repairing the cracks or fractures. The selection of the appropriate self-healing materials having a fast propagation rate and proper repairing mechanism is important in their high efficiency. Several factors such as time and rate of healing, time of storage, and healing efficiency (obtained from measuring the mechanical properties before and after healing) at the point of fracture have significant effects on the self-healing capability. In recent years, many researchers have focused on non-covalent interactions to fabricate self-healing materials. Among different non-covalent interactions, cyclodextrin-based host–guest (HG) interactions with different guest molecules that can fit inside the cyclodextrin (CD) cavity have attracted the attention of many researchers due to biocompatibility, ease of modification, availability, the capability of CD complex formation with different guest molecules, and the reversible nature of HG complexation. The purpose of the present paper is to review the different strategies of fabricating the HG supramolecular self-healable materials between β-CD and various types of guest molecules such as ferrocene (Fc), adamantane (Ad), azobenzene (Azo), cholic acid (CA), N-vinylimidazole, bromonaphthalene, and other guest molecules. Comparing different strategies makes it possible to properly address the challenges of this field in the future. Each guest molecule which is placed inside the cyclodextrin cavity provides unique properties in the supramolecular self-healable materials. For example, adamantane, ferrocene, azobenzene, and cholic acid, respectively, lead to high stability, electrochemical-sensitivity, light-sensitivity, and biocompatibility of supramolecular self-healable materials. Moreover, different applications of β-CD-based self-healable materials in stimuli-responsive systems, coating, 3D-printing, drug delivery, biomedical, and other applications are summarized in this paper.
Display omitted
•Electrochemical reversibility of MANiCl3 enhances the capacity retention of electrode.•Extraction of MA+ occurs creating vacancies and increasing lithium concentration.•Li + atoms ...occupy both the interstitial space and the MA vacancies in the structure.•MANiCl3 displays anodic behavior and remarkable initial capacity of discharge.
At present, efforts are being made to find new low-cost materials for photovoltaic, optoelectronic and energy storage applications. In this regard, compounds of the halide perovskite type have been increasingly studied over the past few years. The incorporation of small cations in these compounds and their possible use in rechargeable batteries can be achieved by the electrochemical reversibility technique, where perovskites with large cations are used to obtain a new isostructural compound with smaller cations and large interstitial space or free vacancies for ionic transport. The present work studied the electrochemical reversibility of lithium-ion into CH3NH3NiCl3 (MANiCl3) active material, after the formation of MA+ vacancies or interstitial spaces, taking both experimental and theoretical approaches. The material displayed an anodic behavior and an initial capacity of discharge of ca. 170 mAhg−1 at 0.2C (0.1 mA), a full capacity retention up to the first 25 cycles of charge–discharge, and even reached a retention of up to 80 % of initial capacity at the 80th cycle. First-principles density functional theory calculations show that the shape of the crystal lattice and volume changes of all the different phases involved in the electrochemical process are tiny, at about 3 Å3 per cell. In addition, there are no appreciable elastic contributions to the energy variation during the de-lithiation/lithiation process, indicating that memory effects are not an issue. The calculated formation energies of the lithiated structures and the open circuit voltages are −2.91 eV and 1.33 V for LinMA1-nNiCl3 and −1.41 eV and 2.91 V for Li2nMA1-nNiCl3, respectively. These findings suggest that incorporating one or, at most, to two lithium atoms is favorable for the overall stability and electrochemical performance.
Display omitted
•Contact-time variation shows ethane is the sole primary product of methane DHA.•Kinetic and thermodynamic formalisms reveal acetylene is a key intermediate.•Degree of reversibility ...control quantifies thermodynamic influence of each step.•Forward rate calculations require spatial-averaging of reaction reversibility.•DHA forward rate is invariant with contact-time and sets upper bounds to net rate.
Acetylene is identified as a key intermediate in methane dehydroaromatization (DHA) reactions present in concentrations O(1) Pascal. The rank of acetylene and other C2 hydrocarbon intermediates is determined by conversion-selectivity profiles collected from 0.01% to 8% methane conversion varied by extent of “non-selective” deactivation of Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Ethane is shown to be the sole primary product of methane pyrolysis and is sequentially dehydrogenated to ethylene and acetylene – which aromatizes to benzene with rates similar to direct acetylene aromatization measured in the absence of methane. The influence of CH cleavage and CC coupling events to control the rate and reversibility of DHA is assessed by the degree of reversibility control, introduced here for the first time, and the degree of rate control. The approach to equilibrium of the methane to benzene synthesis reaction is length averaged and affinity averaged by the degree of reversibility control of each intervening elementary step to rigorously calculate forward rates of benzene synthesis by use of De Donder relations. Forward rates are found to be invariant along the catalyst bed once the DHA network reaches a pseudo-steady state and methane, ethane, and ethylene form an equilibrated pool.
Display omitted
Airway remodeling is a prominent feature of asthma, including increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and altered extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. Bronchial thermoplasty ...(BT), a bronchoscopic treatment for severe asthma, targets this airway remodeling.
To investigate the effect of BT on ECM composition and its association with clinical outcomes.
This is a sub-study of the TASMA trial. Thirty severe asthma patients were BT treated, of which 13 patients prior to BT were treated by six months of standard therapy (control group). Demographic data, clinical data including pulmonary function and bronchial biopsies were collected. Biopsies at BT treated and non-treated locations were analyzed by histological and immune-histochemical staining. Associations between histology and clinical outcomes were explored.
Six months after treatment, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness was reduced from 7.28μm to 5.74μm (21% relative reduction) and the percentage area of tissue positive for collagen increased from 26.3% to 29.8% (13% relative increase). Collagen structure analysis revealed a reduction in the curvature frequency of fibers. The percentage area positive for fibulin-1 and fibronectin increased with 2.5% and 5.9% respectively (relative increase of 124% and 15%). No changes were found for elastin. The changes in collagen and fibulin-1 negatively associated with changes in FEV1-reversibility.
Next to ASM reduction, BT impacts RBM thickness and the ECM arrangement characterized by an increase in tissue area occupied by collagen with a less dense fiber organization. Both collagen and fibulin-1 are negatively associated with the change in FEV1-reversibility.
BT induces ECM reorganization and airway wall stability.
In this study, the martensite transformation of Ni37.5Co12.5Mn35Ti15 ribbon was studied and regulated by the electric field-induced strain in the PMN-PT substrate. The reversible magnetocaloric ...effect in the Ni37.5Co12.5Mn35Ti15/PMN-PT composite was enhanced by manipulating transition paths under the coupling of magnetic field and electric field, which is significantly important for applications in solid-state refrigeration. With the assistance of E = +8 kV/cm, the reversible entropy change increased from 19.5 to 25.7 J/kgK at 294.5 K. Meanwhile, the reversible cooling temperature span was also enlarged. Hence, the reversible refrigerant capacity was enhanced from 83 to 131 J/kg, and the increase ratio reached 58%. On this basis, an active magnetic regenerating cycle facilitated by an electric field was designed. This work provides an effective method for enhancing reversible caloric effects in first-order phase transition materials via electric fields.
Display omitted
PDF
