Informacija je ponovo „in Maletić, Franjo
In medias res,
09/2014, Letnik:
3, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Informacija je danas postala ključna riječ – „key word“ u većini svjetskih jezika. Ona ne cirkulira samo u sferi „kulture“ kao neosvješćena ideologija, ona je duboko povezana s materijalnim praksama ...tehnoloških, ekonomskih i znanstvenih formacija. Ona označuje i oblikuje i neke društvene formacije i fenomene, kao što su informacijsko društvo, informacijske tehnologije, informacijska revolucija, informacijska pismenost. Postajući ključna riječ današnjice i samodefiniranja naše stvarnosti u znanstvenim disciplinama, za razliku od svog izvornog latinskog značenja ona metaforički označuje postupak, ili pak protok, i postaje temeljni supstrat nastajanja suvremenog društvenog odnosa koje zovemo informacijsko društvo. Određenje informacije u medijima nije semantičke prirode, ona je proces koji traje, proces koji oblikuje. Za medije ključno je pitanje kako informacija postaje glavni koncept medijskog sadržaja. I dok privatne tvrtke stvaraju uz pomoć informacija znanje koje postaje privatno, s druge strane, u medijima prisutno je nastojanje da znanje koje se temelji na informaciji bude javno dobro. Širenje i razvoj informacijskog društva utemeljenog na informacijskim tehnologijama doprinjeli su enornom povećanju gospodarske aktivnosti, kroz povećanu proizvodnju i distribuciju informacije. Na putu u društvo znanja informacija nije samo prenositelj poruke niti simbolička reprezentacija, ona je sve više nezaobilazan dijalog, most kojim pojedinac dolazi do znanja. U ovom radu naznačene su neke pojavnosti koje informaciju prate od njena prva pojavljivanja na Zapadu. Sredinom 20. st. će industrijski kapitalizam ugradnjom „inteligencije“ u alatne strojeve, uz prikupljanje obavještajnih informacija kroz razvoj moderne znanosti informaciju dovesti na pijedestal „ključne riječi“ – „key word“.
Vrijeme i perspektiva Bogdanić, Luka
Filozofska istraživanja,
06/2015, Letnik:
35, Številka:
1/137
Book Review, Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Massimiliano Tomba, Strati di tempo. Karl Marx materialista storico, Jaca Book, Milano 2010.
In this article the author reviews the book Strati di tempo. Karl Marx materialista storico (Jaca Book, ...Milano 2010) by Massimiliano Tomba, reconsidering it in a wider conceptual-philosophical, cultural-historical, and social-political context. Just like Tomba in his study, the author emphasizes the thoughts of Karl Marx, especially historical materialism, which represents a framework for rethinking the time, the history, and the (possibility of) revolution, as well as the state of the left today.
In this paper, we have analyzed the modern grocery retail trends in Serbia in the transition process as well as its influence on the end consumer. Our research has shown that the retail market in ...Serbia is still immature, as it is of low concentration; it has poor format structure and under-represented private label market share. The supermarket revolution has so far not brought any benefits to the consumers in the sense of lowering food prices. Compared to the base year (2004-2006=100), in the year of 2012 the prices of apples in retail grew by 83%, retail prices of milk grew by 119%, potato by 87%, beans by 106%, pork by 60% and chicken by 83%.
Umjetna inteligencija prvenstveno se zasniva na bazama podataka na engleskome jeziku, a kako je
jedna od njezinih osnovnih značajki mogućnost razumijevanja prirodnih jezika, testirane su mogućnosti ...jedne od raširenih i popularnih aplikacija umjetne inteligencije ChatGPT koja prihvaća pitanja
i daje odgovore i na hrvatskome jeziku. Predmeti testa stvarna su ispitna pitanja iz kolegija Uvod
u odnose s javnošću, oblikovanje medijske objave i provjera razumijevanja izraza u prenesenome i
izvedenome značenju, koji su ljudima lako shvatljivi zbog poznavanja konteksta. ChatGPT koristi golemu bazu podataka što mu daje prednost u pouzdanosti u odnosu na aplikacije umjetne inteligencije
koje se zasnivaju na uporabi internetskih izvora dostupnih u stvarnome vremenu jer su one podložnije mogućnosti da ponude netočne informacije ili lažne odgovore zbog njihova učestalog ponavljanja
na mrežnim izvorima. Test znanja ujedno provjerava već objavljenu hipotezu istih autora u prošlome
broju časopisa SEEJC po kojoj umjetna inteligencija donosi toliko velike promjene da se može nazvati
novom komunikacijskom revolucijom.
Ključne riječi: umjetna inteligencija (AI), odnosi s javnošću, ChatGPT, komunikacijska revolucija
Razvoj tehnologije i izuma kroz 20. i 21. stoljeće promijenilo je čovjekov način života. To je razdoblje treće i četvrte industrijske revolucije, popularno nazivane digitalnim revolucijama. Počevši ...od Alana Turinga koji je slavu stekao u Drugom svjetskom ratu dešifriranjem Enigme, ali i prvom uporabom pojma „kompjutor“, kroz razne izume i značajne individue, upoznat ćemo ljude poput Grace Hopper i Tim Berners-Leeja, zaslužnih za otvaranje digitalne znanosti širokoj populaciji. Tema je, uz prilagodbu, obrađena prema principu obrnute učionice.
U radu je predočeno pisanje savremene srpske istoriografije o istorijskoj ulozi Lajoša Košuta tokom revolucije 1848–1849. godine, njegova politika prema manjinskim narodima u Ugarskoj i planovi o ...saradnji podunavskih naroda koje je razvio tokom perioda emigracije. Košut, jedan od najistaknutijih revolucionara u Mađarskoj, borio se za nezavisnu Ugarsku vjerujući u nadmoćnost i privilegovanost mađarskog naroda i jezika i oštro se suprotstavljajući pokušajima nacionalne emancipacije manjinskih naroda u Ugarskoj. Nakon sloma revolucije i odlaska u emigraciju uvidio je greške svoje prethodno vođene politike i pokušao da usmjeri Mađare ka saradnji sa podunavskim narodima. Do kraja života ostao je u emigraciji, odlučan da neće biti habzburški podanik i vjeran ideji nezavisne Ugarske.
War changes the world. The world changes through war. War is a cause of changes. War is an agent of change. Wars are started due to a desire for change. Wars have long-term and far-reaching ...consequences. World War II was a war for changes. The consequences of World War II were the collapse, restoration, and transformation of the Yugoslav state. On one side there was aggression, occupation, and defeat, while on the other there was the struggle for freedom. The victors of the conflict were political and military forces that wanted not only the restoration of the Yugoslav state, but also its transformation. In order for this to take place, a change of government was needed. In summer 1941, when the war had not yet spread so far that it could truly be called a world war,Churchill and Roosevelt issued the Atlantic Charter, in which they set down the principles upon which the post-war world was to be built. One of the articles of the Charter set the principle that all nations had the right to choose the form of government under which they wanted to live. This heralded the changes to come. A time of changes (and settling scores) followed after the end of the war. Not only Yugoslavia, but the entire world began to change. Yugoslavia, even though it stood against those changes the aggressors wanted to implement during World War II, nonetheless underwent a period of fundamental change. These changes were the result of a successful political revolution. However, another revolution was undertaken by each nation that lived on the territory of the Yugoslav state, a revolution aimed at achieving its own interests. Without a doubt, this also applies to Slovenia and the Slovenians as a people. In the caseof Slovenia, there were two revolutions, one class-based and one national. The Slovenians undertook not only a class-based, i.e. communist revolution as part of the people’s liberation war, but also a national revolution, i.e. a struggle for the national emancipation and state independence of Slovenia. The Slovenian struggle for freedom under the leadership of the Liberation front (Oslobodilački front – OF) can be viewed as a national liberation struggle, as a revolution in the American sense, a so-called American revolution and its related struggle for independence. They achieved national emancipation and statehood. The war and their victory in it brought the Slovenians a country that they had never had before. The appointment of the People’s Government of Slovenia on 5 May 1945 in Ajdovščina was a symbolic expression of Slovenian statehood in the process of assuming political power. While it is true that, as a people’s/populargovernment, it had a class-based character, it was primarily seen as a national government, as an expression of Slovenian statehood achieved during the war. Regarding its ministers – including a female minister, since the Yugoslav leadership believed every federal unit’s government should include at least one woman – it was a coalition government since the ministers came from the ranks of the basic component groups of the OF founded in 1941. In its programme issued in autumn 1941, the OF promised it would take power overSlovenian territory after the end of the liberation struggle as a unified founding group. In addition, a member of the government was a pre-war politician, Franc Snoj, a minister of the royal government in exile who had returned from London to Slovenia in September 1944 and begun cooperating with the liberation movement. The changes in post-war Slovenia had a “unified” Yugoslav character, but still expressed certain particularities. What they had in common was precisely that which referred to their basic goal and was happening in summer, autumn, and winter 1945. These events were expressed in the strengthening of the power that had been achieved through armed struggle. The taking of power in Slovenia should be understood as an integral series of moves and activities of the new Yugoslav government made in order to build and stabilize the country near the end of the war and in its immediate aftermath. In orderto understand the situation and relations at the end of the war in Slovenia, one must first comprehend the situation and relations at the beginning of the war, during the war, and at the war’s end, both on the side of the liberation movement and among those who opposed the resistance movement for political reasons. There was no organised political opposition in post-war Slovenia, especially none whose foundations lay in the pre-war parties. There was no so-called bourgeois opposition in Slovenia. The political activities of Slovenianpoliticians from both traditional political camps – clerical and liberal – during the war, regarding both the liberation movement and the occupiers, forced them to emigrate towards the end of the war. The lack of opposition parties or individuals with political standing in lovenia doesn’t imply that Slovenia was the “reddest” part of the Yugoslav state or that it was the least critical towards the new regime. Slovenian politics, despite fulfilling the demands of the central government in all matters, had certain particularities in 1945. Some attempts were made to oppose centralism. To the leadership of the Yugoslav Party, and thus the state, having one’s own opinion and trying to realise it was “nationalism”. The foremost critic of this Slovenian “nationalism” was Edvard Kardelj. The state and Party assessed the political situation in Slovenia as poor. Factors that led to this assessment included the election results for the ConstituentAssembly (in two Slovenian districts, Gornja Radgona and Donja Lendava, most voters cast their votes in the “black box”) and the politically incorrect stance towards “reactionaries”; namely, this stance was judged as too liberal (“putrid liberalism”) and “social-democratic”. In addition to all the “errors” in the political activities of the Slovenian Party – which were, according to the opinion of the Yugoslav political leadership, reflected in the poor political situation in Slovenia – Kardelj criticised the Communist Party of Slovenia (Komunistička Partija Slovenije – KPS) as too “petit bourgeois” and for having too many intellectuals. Because of this, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to make changes in the Party’s leadership. The political secretary of the KPS from its founding in April 1937, Franc Lekošek Luka, was replaced by Boris Kidrič. Regarding post-war repression, according to the reports about the situation in the country made by a British diplomat who had travelled throughout Yugoslavia in spring 1946 and met many of the local people, Slovenia was the “most repressive” and “depressive” republic. Immediately after the end of the war, Slovenia’s territory became the site of reprisals against military opponents both on a class and national basis, which lasted a good month after the war’send. Slovenia thus became the site of such acts committed by the victors of the war, and this was part of the general atmosphere in Yugoslavia at that time. These reprisals were extrajudicial and carried out mostly by Yugoslav Army units as revenge for crimes committed during the war. These events had an all-Yugoslav character, but Slovenia became the site of most reprisals due to itsgeographic position.
Članak daje pregled kontrarevolucionarne i konzervativne ideologije Josepha de Maistrea (1753. − 1821.), savojskoga diplomata i političkoga mislioca. Nakon kratkoga prikaza Maistreova života i ...djelovanja u prvom poglavlju, autor u sljedećem dijelu opisuje njegovu kritiku Francuske revolucije i prosvjetiteljskih društvenih teorija. U posljednjem su poglavlju istraženi često zanemarivani konzervativni elementi u Maistreovoj političkoj misli.
U uvodu rada nastoji se objasniti čime se bavi opća teorija prava i države s obzirom
na to da je takav tip misli Carla Schmitta analiziran u ovom radu. Stav autora rada
jest da na mišljenje opće ...teorije prava i države nužno utječu povijesne okolnosti u
kojima se one razvijaju te se stoga nakon uvoda opisuju biografski elementi života Carla Schmitta pod pretpostavkom da su isti utjecali na njegov rad. Zatim se analizira originalnost njegove misli u promišljanju opće teorije države. U toj teoriji
politika ima metapolitičku funkciju utemeljenja države pa se razmatra način kako se dolazi do metafizičkoga utemeljenja države iz politike. Nakon teorije države analizira se teorija pravnoga mišljenja koja je neizostavno povezana i s promišljanjem te analizom državnoga poretka zbog nužne upućenosti opće teorije prava na opću teoriju države. Zatim se nastoji ukazati na kritički potencijal pravne misli Carla Schmitta koji proizlazi iz njegove opće teorije države i prava. Zaključak nužno pokazuje ograničenost ovoga rada zbog nedovoljne istraženosti opće teorije prava i države Carla Schmitta i daje indicije kako bi istraživanje te teorije moglo biti ko-
risno sredstvo za razumijevanje suvremenih političkih, pravnih i državnih pojava u svijetu.
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