Aims and objectives
To identify meaningful types of rewards and the consequences of rewards as expressed by Finnish registered nurses working in primary and private healthcare.
Background
Previous ...studies have found significant associations between nurses’ rewards and both their commitment and job satisfaction. Furthermore, appropriate rewards can have beneficial effects on factors including workforce stability and occupational satisfaction that are highly important in times of nurse shortages.
Design
A cross‐sectional, qualitative interview study.
Methods
Data were collected via individual semi‐structured interviews (n = 20) with registered nurses working in Finland's primary and private healthcare, and subjected to qualitative content analysis.
Results
Six meaningful types of rewards were identified by the registered nurses: Financial compensation and benefits, Work‐Life balance, Work content, Professional development, Recognition, and Supportive leadership. Rewards encouraged respondents to perform their work correctly and reinforced occupational satisfaction, but also caused feelings of envy and stress.
Conclusions
It is essential to pay attention to nurses’ preferences for particular rewards and to reward management. When designing effective reward systems for registered nurses, it is not sufficient to provide financial rewards alone, as various kinds of non‐financial rewards are both meaningful and necessary.
Relevance to clinical practice
When trying to improve registered nurses’ commitment and job satisfaction through reward management, it is important to listen to nurses’ opinions to create a reward system that integrates financial and non‐financial rewards and is fair from their perspective. Healthcare organisations that offer registered nurses a holistic reward system are more likely to retain satisfied and committed nurses at a time of increasing nursing shortages.
Auxiliary rewards are widely used in complex reinforcement learning tasks. However, previous work can hardly avoid the interference of auxiliary rewards on pursuing the main rewards, which leads to ...the destruction of the optimal policy. Thus, it is challenging but essential to balance the main and auxiliary rewards. In this article, we explicitly formulate the problem of rewards' balancing as searching for a Pareto optimal solution, with the overall objective of preserving the policy's optimization orientation for the main rewards (i.e., the policy driven by the balanced rewards is consistent with the policy driven by the main rewards). To this end, we propose a variant Pareto and show that it can effectively guide the policy search toward more main rewards. Furthermore, we establish an iterative learning framework for rewards' balancing and theoretically analyze its convergence and time complexity. Experiments in both discrete (grid word) and continuous (Doom) environments demonstrated that our algorithm can effectively balance rewards, and achieve remarkable performance compared with those RLs with heuristically designed rewards. In the ViZDoom platform, our algorithm can learn expert-level policies.
Learning to associate specific objects with value contributes to the human's adaptive behavior. However, the intrinsic nature of associative memory posits a challenge that newly learned associations ...may interfere with the old ones if they share common features (e.g., a reward). In the present study, we conducted a set of behavioral experiments and demonstrated that retroactive interference in reward learning can be reduced by reactivating originally learned reward associations before the new learning. We used the well-known effect, attentional capture driven by reward-associated feature, as the index of reward learning (Experiments 1A and 1B) and showed that learning a new reward-color association impaired the old learning as indicated by the reduced capture effect of the old reward-color associations (Experiment 2). Interestingly, the retroactive interference was significantly reduced if a brief reactivation of the old reward-color associations was introduced immediately before the new reward learning (Experiment 3). However, the retroactive interference reemerged if the new learning was conducted outside a reconsolidation window, indicating the critical period during which reactivation protects learned reward salience from the interference of new reward learning (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that reactivation could serve as an effective procedure to reduce mutual interference between multiple learnings.
Reports an error in "Control preference persists with age" by Eric C. M. Chantland, Kainan S. Wang, Mauricio R. Delgado and Susan M. Ravizza (
, 2022Nov, Vol 377, 843-847). In the original article, ...the odds ratio and probability were misreported in the second and third sentences of the first paragraph of the Results section. The correct information is provided in this erratum. The online version of the article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-04889-001). The opportunity to exert control in one's environment is desirable, and individuals are willing to seek out control, even at a financial cost. Additionally, control-related activation of reward regions in the brain and the positive affect associated with the opportunity to exert control suggest that control is rewarding. The present study explores whether there are age-related differences in the preference for control. Older and younger adults chose whether to maintain control and play a guessing game themselves or to cede this control to the computer. Maintaining and ceding control were associated with different amounts of monetary reward that could be banked upon a successful guess. This required participants to weigh the value associated with control compared to monetary rewards. We found that older adults preferred control and traded monetary reward for control, similar to younger adults. The results suggest that the preference for exerting control may be preserved across age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Reward-prediction errors track the extent to which rewards deviate from expectations, and aid in learning. How do such errors in prediction interact with memory for the rewarding episode? Existing ...findings point to both cooperative and competitive interactions between learning and memory mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether learning about rewards in a high-risk context, with frequent, large prediction errors, would give rise to higher fidelity memory traces for rewarding events than learning in a low-risk context. Experiment 1 showed that recognition was better for items associated with larger absolute prediction errors during reward learning. Larger prediction errors also led to higher rates of learning about rewards. Interestingly we did not find a relationship between learning rate for reward and recognition-memory accuracy for items, suggesting that these two effects of prediction errors were caused by separate underlying mechanisms. In Experiment 2, we replicated these results with a longer task that posed stronger memory demands and allowed for more learning. We also showed improved source and sequence memory for items within the high-risk context. In Experiment 3, we controlled for the difficulty of reward learning in the risk environments, again replicating the previous results. Moreover, this control revealed that the high-risk context enhanced item-recognition memory beyond the effect of prediction errors. In summary, our results show that prediction errors boost both episodic item memory and incremental reward learning, but the two effects are likely mediated by distinct underlying systems.
Even using simple techniques like taking the stairs, many individuals struggle to maintain the motivation to be physically active. Health gamification systems can aid this goal by providing points ...earned through exercise that are redeemable for tangible extrinsic rewards. Using self-determination theory, we conduct research on one such system and investigate rewards’ effectiveness to promote exercise considering reward value, redemption frequency patterns, and fitness levels. We find that rewards do significantly increase activity levels, and this effect is larger for advanced users who redeem multiple times for higher value rewards. We close by offering future research avenues and advice to optimize reward portfolios.
The current study investigated the influence of rewards on very young children's helping behavior. After 20-month-old infants received a material reward during a treatment phase, they subsequently ...were less likely to engage in further helping during a test phase as compared with infants who had previously received social praise or no reward at all. This so-called
overjustification effect
suggests that even the earliest helping behaviors of young children are intrinsically motivated and that socialization practices involving extrinsic rewards can undermine this tendency.
Control Preference Persists With Age Chantland, Eric C. M.; Wang, Kainan S.; Delgado, Mauricio R. ...
Psychology and aging,
11/2022, Letnik:
37, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The opportunity to exert control in one's environment is desirable, and individuals are willing to seek out control, even at a financial cost. Additionally, control-related activation of reward ...regions in the brain and the positive affect associated with the opportunity to exert control suggest that control is rewarding. The present study explores whether there are age-related differences in the preference for control. Older and younger adults chose whether to maintain control and play a guessing game themselves or to cede this control to the computer. Maintaining and ceding control were associated with different amounts of monetary reward that could be banked upon a successful guess. This required participants to weigh the value associated with control compared to monetary rewards. We found that older adults preferred control and traded monetary reward for control, similar to younger adults. The results suggest that the preference for exerting control may be preserved across age.
Public Significance Statement
Humans value being in control of their lives, but it is unclear how aging might influence this preference for control. We found that older and younger adults did not differ in their preference for control, indicating that it is relatively unaffected by healthy aging.
This study aims to analyze rewards, punishments, and their implications for improving the performance of educators at Darul Huffaz Islamic Boarding School Pesawaran - Lampung. This study uses a ...qualitative case study approach, where the researcher uses interviews, observations, and documentation to obtain valid and accurate data. The study results show that appreciation in an organization is essential because it appreciates those who have tried to change the way they work. Sanctions can weaken behavior and reduce the frequency of subsequent behavior, usually consisting of requesting an unintended consequence. This research uses qualitative descriptive methods in research and interview techniques. Based on the data obtained from the implementation of reward and punishment and its implications for improving the performance of educators at the Darul Huffaz Islamic boarding school Pesawaran - Lampung, it can be concluded that the implementation of reward, and punishment for educators at the Darul Huffaz Islamic boarding school Pesawaran - Lampung is appropriate and the implications can improve performance educators at the Darul Huffaz Islamic boarding school Pesawaran – Lampung.
Rewards are both "liked" and "wanted," and those 2 words seem almost interchangeable. However, the brain circuitry that mediates the psychological process of "wanting" a particular reward is ...dissociable from circuitry that mediates the degree to which it is "liked." Incentive salience or "wanting," a form of motivation, is generated by large and robust neural systems that include mesolimbic dopamine. By comparison, "liking," or the actual pleasurable impact of reward consumption, is mediated by smaller and fragile neural systems, and is not dependent on dopamine. The incentive-sensitization theory posits the essence of drug addiction to be excessive amplification specifically of psychological "wanting," especially triggered by cues, without necessarily an amplification of "liking." This is because of long-lasting changes in dopamine-related motivation systems of susceptible individuals, called "neural sensitization." A quarter-century after its proposal, evidence has continued to grow in support the incentive-sensitization theory. Further, its scope is now expanding to include diverse behavioral addictions and other psychopathologies.
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