In order to analyze and understand spatial dynamics, which of these three factors is explanatory: the characteristics of the territory, the nature of the settlement or its populations and their ...changes? To provide answers to this question, it is first necessary to clarify the definitions of the three terms populations, settlement and territory, before showing their interactions by using different geo-graphical examples. Finally, it is important to show to what extent the determinants of geographical processes require consideration of these three terms.
This retrospective article points to a single aspect of József Tóth’s scientific work, to the thematic intersections that make it easier to interpret his oeuvre as a whole. Through secondary analyses ...of literature, as well as professional experiences and personal impressions gained as a student and colleague, it attempts to synthesize the professor’s scientific work related to urban reclassification and formal urbanisation. József Tóth’s influence extended beyond the academic sphere not only as a science organizer and rector, but also as a regional developer. This commemorative essay also points to the relationship between the scientist and politics, the never-ending struggles of the geographer in the formation of regional policies. József Tóth’s school-establishing activity in Pécs – also related to the practical aspects of formal urbanization – made a lasting contribution to the development of Hungarian human geography.
Cet article propose une critique des catégories
territoriales utilisées dans les recensements brésiliens par
l’Institut brésilien de géographie et statistique (IBGE). Les études
de cas présentées ...illustrent la difficile compatibilité entre des
données localisées de population et une approche géographique du
peuplement. De nombreux écarts apparaissent lorsque l’on confronte des
images de terrain (photographies) et satellitaires rendant compte des
formes réelles d’occupation du sol aux découpages officiels
distinguant les territoires urbains et ruraux. Ces décalages sont liés
à plusieurs facteurs : la définition légale de l’urbain, l’agrégation
des données, ainsi qu’une confusion entre population de la ville (ceux
concentrés au chef-lieu du município) et population urbaine totale
municipale. De tels écarts sont également la conséquence de processus
historiques et d’enjeux politiques, économiques et fonciers. Ils
affectent les résultats agrégés des données de recensements
(population urbaine, taux d’urbanisation…), ainsi que les résultats
locaux, pour chaque município. Les exemples analysés dans cet
article montrent que la richesse statistique et cartographique
diffusée par l’IBGE pourrait être mieux utilisée notamment pour
obtenir des mesures plus cohérentes des « degrés d’urbanité » ainsi
qu’une meilleure connaissance des différentes formes et densités du
peuplement dans le pays.
Este artigo oferece uma
crítica das categorias territoriais utilizadas nos censos brasileiros
pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os
estudos de caso apresentados ilustram incompatibilidades entre os
dados populacionais localizados e uma abordagem geográfica do
povoamento. Numerosas discrepâncias aparecem quando se compara
fotografias e imagens de satélite mostrando as formas reais de uso do
solo, às divisões oficiais que distinguem territórios urbanos de
rurais. Estas discrepâncias estão ligadas a vários fatores: a
definição legal do urbano, a agregação de dados e a confusão entre a
população da cidade (aquelas concentradas na sede do município) e a
população urbana municipal total. Tais discrepâncias são também
consequência de processos históricos e de questões políticas,
econômicas e fundiárias. Elas afetam os resultados agregados dos dados
do censo (população urbana, taxa de urbanização etc.), assim como os
resultados locais de cada município. Os exemplos analisados neste
artigo mostram que a riqueza estatística e cartográfica
disponibilizada pelo IBGE poderia ser mais bem utilizada, em
particular para obter números mais coerentes quanto aos « graus de
urbanidade », bem como um melhor conhecimento das diferentes formas e
densidades de assentamento no país.
This article offers a
critique of the territorial categories used in Brazilian censuses by
the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE. The case
studies presented illustrate the difficult compatibility between
localized population data and a geographic approach to settlement.
Numerous discrepancies appear when one compares field images
(photographs) and satellite images that show the real forms of land
use with official divisions that distinguish between urban and rural
territories. These discrepancies are related to several factors: the
legal definition of urban, the aggregation of data, and confusion
between the city population (those concentrated in the capital of the
municipality) and the total municipal urban population. Such
discrepancies are also the consequence of historical processes and
political, economic, and land issues. They affect the aggregate
results of the census data (urban population, urbanization rate,
etc.), as well as the local results for each municipality. The
examples analyzed in this article show that the statistical and
cartographic wealth disseminated by the IBGE could be better used,
especially to obtain more coherent measures of « degrees of urbanity »
and a better knowledge of the different forms and densities of
settlement in the country.
Dr Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya breathed his last on 29 January 2023. This historical article charts to pay tribute to his professional career and contributions, who worked silently towards laying the ...foundation and building the geography of North East India.
The first book that deals with the territorial cults of early Japan by focusing on how such cults were founded in ownerless regions. Numerous ancient Japanese myths and legends are discussed to show ...that the typical founding ritual was a two-phase ritual that turned the territory into a horizontal microcosm, complete with its own ‘terrestrial heaven’ inhabited by local deities. Reversing Mircea Eliade’s popular thesis, the author concludes that the concept of the human-made horizontal microcosm is not a reflection but the source of the religious concept of the macrocosm with gods dwelling high up in the sky.
The claim that the settlements in the West Bank are gated communities might seem trivial. Those settlements are an explicit example of a community featuring, on the one hand, social cohesion based on ...shared values, while, on the other hand, self-isolation with the help of fences and a stress on the 'security of the community'. The argument of this paper, however, is different. The paper suggests that the settlement layout in the West Bank is not just an aggregate of 124 'legal' gated communities and a similar number of 'illegal outposts', but rather a single, contiguous gated community gating, in turn, Palestinian 'islands' within it. The reading I will offer seeks to look at the space in question through a careful reading of its use values. The emphasis is put on the question of mobilities in order to show how the fortressed points turn into an exclusionary web by means of separated roads and movement restrictions. By analysing the combined system of settlements, roads, military legislation, spatial design and applied violence, the paper shows how the few hundred points consolidate into one coherent spatial system. The paper wishes to contribute to the spatial analysis of the now 45-year-old Israeli occupation of the West Bank, to the growing study of politics of mobility and to the discourse of gated communities by adding colonialism and violence to the mostly neoliberal explanations of the phenomenon.
The Concept of Urban Hibernation Krzysztofik, Robert; Dymitrow, Mirek; Kantor-Pietraga, Iwona ...
European planning studies,
02/2016, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Today, as a result of fast-paced societal transformations, many small towns face severe developmental challenges and an uncertain future. Departing from the broader theory of developmental ...disequilibrium, we launch the concept of urban hibernation to explain the process of periodic small-town regress. The concept-along with its key stages and turning points-is presented to the background of urbanization processes encountered in Poland. At the same time, the focus on small towns offers an alternative and more context-sensitive explication to eclectic development models inherent to larger cities. As such, we argue that the concept of urban hibernation is apt to serve as a more precise research and planning tool in the context of small towns, and particularly in the critical moments of rise and recession. By applying a historical perspective, we address the importance of proper identification of the various and ever-changing city-forming factors, including their role for spatial planning at different scales. Urban hibernation should thus be considered as an intrinsic part of the geographic environment, which, due to the volatility of its socio-economic components, transcends the traditional rural-urban divide. Our conceptual contribution may thus serve as a background for a fuller understanding of the variability and dynamics of intra-urban structures.
Black African refugee communities are a relatively recent addition to the Australia landscape. Between 2001 and 2007, over 5000 refugees from various African nations resettled in Queensland. There ...are very few data about African refugee settlement geography in Australia and no previous study delineating African refugee settlement within the State of Queensland. This research addresses the knowledge gap by examining the geographic distribution and secondary migration patterns of eight African refugee communities in Southeast Queensland. The research adopted a multi-method approach, mapping quantitative data from an existing secondary database and comparing these to qualitative primary data to determine geographical distribution. Additional qualitative data were used to establish secondary migration patterns of the case study communities. Results show noticeable discrepancies between existing secondary datasets and primary data collected from the communities. These inconsistencies are significant because settlement service providers who use the secondary data to budget, plan and deliver essential settlement services might be underestimating the size of the African communities and missing some settlement locations altogether. The results also reveal a tension between the main socio-cultural forces of concentration and housing forces of dispersion that are driving secondary migration in the communities. A policy recommendation to mitigate the potentially negative effects of residential dispersion on settlement outcomes includes the strategic location of service hubs in key suburbs, such as Moorooka, to which the communities are already drawn.