The human skull is a complicated structure made up from 20 constituent bones and it is thus not surprising that the pattern of growth is complicated. The fully grown skull is not simple a larger ...version of the infant form. The adult skull differs not only in size but also in shape, indicating that theremust be a process of differential growth. The differential growth process must be a different activity seen in the craniofacial skelet, during the growing period and it may be divided into four components. Knowledge of craniofacial growth provides a background to the understanding of the treatment planning process and to undertake suitable interceptive treatment, to hinder the stomatognathic function problems in the future.
Human Bone Manual White, Tim D; Folkens, Pieter A
2005, 2005-11-08
eBook
Building on the success of their previous book, White and Folkens' The Human Bone Manual is intended for use outisde the laboratory and classroom, by professional forensic scientists, anthropologists ...and researchers. The compact volume includes all the key information needed for identification purposes, including hundreds of photographs designed to show a maximum amount of anatomical information.* Features more than 500 color photographs and illustrations in a portable format; most in 1:1 ratio* Provides multiple views of every bone in the human body* Includes tips on identifying any human bone or tooth* Incorporates up-to-date references for further study.
One of physical adaptation at cell level is known as mitochondrial biogenesis. Sport endurance could increase the metabolic characteristic in skeletal muscle, including mitochondrial biogenesis and ...glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) improvement. Supplements or food groups containing polyphenol are able to activate cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which could increase mitochondrial biogenesis process farther through PGC-1 activation as the master of mitochondrial biogenesis settings. Curcuma, the plan coming from Indonesia (curcuma L), belongs to polyphenol group family. Its ability in improving mitochondrial biogenesis at muscle cell will be explained in this paper. The research of the effect of the combination of curcuma consumption and sport endurance in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis will be seen through AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC1. This paper will also explain the direct target of curcuma in increasing mitochondrial in skeletal muscle. The writer tends to emphasize the second messenger cAMP where this enzyme involves in mitochondrial biogenesis activation. Our previous research indicated that cAMP is the main target and the most important in mitochondrial biogenesis improvement as the effect of sport endurance. At the end of discussion, the writer tries to see how curcuma improve mitochondrial biogenesis through PDE4A enzyme phosphorylation that has a role in changing cAMP to AMP. Based on the previous research, curcuma consumption is potential in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis at skeletal muscle, thus it is expected to have ability in improving athlete performance. Abstrak Salah satu bentuk adaptasi dari aktifitas fisik pada tingkat sel adalah yang dikenal dengan mitokondria biogenesis. Olahraga daya tahan/endurance dapat meningkatkan karakteristik metabolic di dalam otot skelet, termasuk diantaranya mitokondria biogenesis dan peningkatan Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4). Golongan makanan atau suplemen mengandung poliphenol dapat mengaktifkan cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), yang lebih jauh dapat meningkatkan proses mitokondria biogenesis melalui pengaktifan dari PGC-1a sebagai master pengaturan dari mitokondria biogenesis. Kunyit (curcumin) yang berasal dari tanaman aseli Indonesia curcuma L termasuk golongan keluarga poliphenol dan kemampuannya dalam meningkatkan mitokondria biogenesis di sel otot akan coba di terangkan pada tulisan kali ini. Penelitian efek kombinasi pemberian kunyit dan olahraga daya tahan (endurance) dalam rangka meningkatkan mitokondria biogenesis tampaknya terlihat melalui jalur AMPK, SIRT1 dan PGC1-a. Lebih jauh pada tulisan kali ini juga coba menjelaskan mengenai target langsung dari kunyit dalam meningkatkan mitokondria di otot skelet. Penulis lebih menekankan kepada the second messenger cAMP dimana enzim ini terlibat dalam mengaktifan mitokondria biogenesis. Penelitian kami sebelumnya mengindikasikan bahwa cAMP merupakan target utama dan terpenting dalam peningkatan mitokondria biogenesis sebagai efek dari olahraga daya tahan (endurance). Pada akhir pembahasan, penulis juga coba melihat bagaimana kunyit meningkatkan mitokondria biogenesis melalui investigasi terhadap fosforilasi enzim PDE4A yang berperan dalam mengubah cAMP menjadi AMP. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya maka mengkonsumsi kunyit yang merupakan bahan aseli Indonesia mempunyai potensi dalam peningkatan mitokondria biogenesis pada otot skelet dan diharapkan mempunyai kemampuan dalam meningkatkan performa atlet.
From Bronze Age Thailand to Viking Iceland, from an Egyptian oasis to a family farm in Canada,The Bioarchaeology of Individuals invites readers to unearth the daily lives of people throughout ...history. Covering a span of more than four thousand years of human history and focusing on individuals who lived between 3200 BC and the nineteenth century, the essays in this book examine the lives of nomads, warriors, artisans, farmers, and healers.
The contributors employ a wide range of tools, including traditional macroscopic skeletal analysis, bone chemistry, ancient DNA, grave contexts, and local legends, sagas, and other historical information. The collection as a whole presents a series of osteobiographies--profiles of the lives of specific individuals whose remains were excavated from archaeological sites. The result offers a more "personal" approach to mortuary archaeology; this is a book about people--not just bones.
This is the second edition of this proceedings. Contributors include leading names in the field of research, addressing mutiple topics, which were covered at the last Osteoimmunology conference.
Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as ...tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage develop in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone is repaired when we break a leg, or regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a new tail. The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research. * Offers complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage, with updated references and extensive illustrations * Integrates development and evolution of the skeleton, as well a synthesis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution, and covers all vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Includes new chapters on evolutionary skeletal biology that highlight normal variation and variability, and variation outside the norm (neomorphs, atavisms) * Updates hypotheses on the origination of cartilage using new phylogenetic, cellular and genetic data * Covers stem cells in embryos and adults, including mesenchymal stem cells and their use in genetic engineering of cartilage, and the concept of the stem cell niche
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