Smart city services offer effective solutions to urban problems. Thus, many countries are introducing smart city services, and some companies are entirely focused on developing the technology for the ...services. However, the classification of smart cities based on how they are developed is currently underexplored. This study analyzes smart cities built and operated by major countries and companies within the smart city framework. Firstly, the direction of smart city development in each city is changing. In the past, the goal of a smart city was to build urban infrastructure. However, the current focus is on providing smart city services. Thus, the operation and maintenance of smart city services are becoming more important than building them. Secondly, the manner in which companies secure smart city services has become diverse. As such, companies may be classified into those that secure the entire value chain of smart cities and those that own only some smart city services. Thirdly, companies are actively establishing a cooperative system to secure smart city technology. Rather than developing all the required technology, they demonstrate flexibility in responding to various smart city needs by collaborating with companies that provide individual services.
•Smart city services are an effective solution to solve urban problems.•The direction of smart city development in each city is changing.•The operation and maintenance of smart city services are becoming more important.•Companies can be classified into secure the entire value chain services of smart city and own only some services of smart city.•Companies are becoming more active in establishing a cooperative system to secure smart city services.
In recent years many initiatives have been developed under the Smart City label in a bid to provide a response to challenges facing cities today. The concept has evolved from a sector-based approach ...to a more comprehensive view that places governance and stakeholders' involvement at the core of strategies. However, Smart City implementation requires lowering the scale from the strategy to the project level. Therefore, the ability of Smart City initiatives to provide an integrated and systematic answer to urban challenges is constantly being called into question. Stakeholder involvement in both the projects and the city strategy is key to developing a governance framework that allows an integrated and comprehensive understanding. This can only be done if Smart City strategies take the stakeholders' opinion into account and seek a compromise between their views and the implementation of the strategy.
Multiple attempts have been made to analyse Smart Cities, but tools are needed to understand their complexity and reflect the stakeholders' role in developing Smart City initiatives and their capacity to face urban challenges. This paper pursues two objectives: (A) to develop a conceptual model capable of displaying an overview of (a) the stakeholders taking part in the initiative in relation to (b) the projects developed and (c) the challenges they face; and (B) to use this model to synthesise the opinion of different stakeholders involved in Smart City initiatives and compare their attitudes to the key projects implemented in a corresponding SC strategy. The methodology combines project analysis with surveys and interviews with different groups of key stakeholders (governments, private companies, universities and research centres, and civil society) through text analysis. The conceptual model is developed through discussions with different European stakeholders and is applied to the case of the Vienna Smart City strategy.
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•An integrated conceptual model is proposed for Smart Cities.•The model highlights the importance of governance and stakeholders.•It provides an understanding of the complexity of Smart City projects and dimensions.•The proposal places the focus on urban challenges and global trends.•An application methodology is developed, comparing Smart City Strategy implementation with stakeholders’ discourses.•The model is applied to the case of the Vienna Smart City Strategy.•Guidelines are proposed to narrow the gap between the strategy and the stakeholders’ opinions.
The concept of smart city has begun to be applied in various cities in the world to create a sustainable city, one of which is Salatiga. This study aims to evaluate the achievement of the ...implementation of smart city in Salatiga by assessing each dimension of the smart city in Salatiga, assessing the smart city index of Salatiga, and finding out the prominent smart city dimensions in Salatiga. The data used in this study are secondary data from various agencies. This study used twenty-four indicators from Boyd Cohen Smart City Wheel as the research variables. Assessment of achievement in the six dimensions of the smart city produces a score for each dimension, namely the smart environment dimension 0.833, smart mobility 0.09, smart government 0.57, smart economy 0.138, smart people 0.742, and smart living dimension 0.732. The Smart City Index for Salatiga City based on the results of this study is 3.10. Smart environment, smart people, and smart living dimensions are the eminent dimensions in Salatiga Smart City.
Research on smart cities lacks a systematic understanding of the different components of smart city governance, the metrics to measure these components, their envisaged outcomes and potential ...contextual factors influencing both components as well as outcomes. This study analyzes the relevant body of literature and proposes conceptual insights. A research scheme is generated and used for an extensive discussion of the literature. The systematic literature review indicates that various smart city governance definitions exist. Also, this study reveals substantial variances in contextual factors, measurement techniques and outcomes among the concepts of smart city governance.
•In general, research on smart cities lacks a systematic understanding of the different components of smart city governance.•Therefore, this paper analyzes the relevant body of literature on smart city governance and proposes a systematic understanding of the different components of smart city governance, the metrics to measure these components and their envisaged outcomes.•Thereby, a research scheme is generated and then used for an extensive discussion of the literature.•The systematic literature review indicates that various smart city governance definitions exist, emphasizing on various focal points.•Also, this study reveals substantial variances in contextual factors, measurement techniques and outcomes among the concepts of smart city governance.
The purpose of a Smart City is to solve its inherent problems while simultaneously reducing its expenditure and improving its quality of life. Through the 4th Industrial Revolution technology, the ...advantages of Smart City are estimated to overcome the city's expenses with city platformization. While a city traditionally is the subject of creation and not consumption, a Smart City currently is the key industry in generating more than 60% of its GDP in value creation from a production viewpoint. Moreover, with the expansion of online-offline convergence, cities can grow without limitation on its size, where connectivity and innovation determine the inclination of the city's benefit-cost curve. As a city platform is responsible for connectivity, its value drastically increases through the 4th Industrial Revolution's O2O (online to offline convergence) platform. When a city reflects on its own as a Digital Twin in the Cloud and when complete information becomes accessible through citizen's participation through smartphones (Edge), Self-organization takes place, an ideal linkage between the city and citizens. Cities go through the self-organizing process of complex adaptive systems like the human brain. This research proposes a future model of a "Self-organizing City" and suggests implementing the Smart City model based on the Smart City Tech-Socio Model in implementing strategies.
•A multilayered risk management framework is presented for sustainable smart city governance.•Fifty-six risks are identified and grouped into three categories: technology, organisation and external ...environment (TOE).•There are 17 technological risks, with a 38.7% contribution to smart city governance.•There are 11 organisational risks, with a 15.6% contribution to smart city governance.•There are 28 external environment risks, with a 46.7% contribution to smart city governance.
Sustainable smart cities are confronted by technological, organisational and external risks, making their governance difficult and susceptible to manipulation. Based on a comprehensive literature review of 796 systematically retrieved articles, the current study proposes a multilayered technology-organisation-environment (TOE-based) risk management framework for sustainable smart city governance. A total of 56 risks are identified and grouped into TOE categories. There are 17 technological risks, including IoT networks, public internet management and user safety concerns, with a 38.7% contribution to smart city governance risks. With a 15.6% share, there are 11 organisational risks, including user data security and cloud management. There are 28 external risks with a contribution of 46.7% to the smart city governance and consist of smart city's environment, governance, integration and security risks. A multilayered TOE-based risk management framework is proposed to identify and manage the risks associated with smart city governance in the current study. The framework links smart citizens to each other through the smart city governance team and the integrated TOE layers. The iterative risk management process of identification, analysis, evaluation, monitoring and response planning is carried out in the TOE layers, both at the external layer levels and internal management levels. The proposed framework operationalises the risk management process for smart city governance by presenting the collection of pertinent risks and their thematic TOE categorisation. The criticality of the identified risks in line with the study's rankings can help researchers and practitioners understand the top risks of smart city governance. These risks present investment opportunities for city governance bodies to develop critical and effective responses as well as provide safety, security and enhanced privacy for citizens.
This study aims to shed light on the process of building an effective smart city by integrating various practical perspectives with a consideration of smart city characteristics taken from the ...literature. We developed a framework for conducting case studies examining how smart cities were being implemented in San Francisco and Seoul Metropolitan City. The study's empirical results suggest that effective, sustainable smart cities emerge as a result of dynamic processes in which public and private sector actors coordinate their activities and resources on an open innovation platform. The different yet complementary linkages formed by these actors must further be aligned with respect to their developmental stage and embedded cultural and social capabilities. Our findings point to eight ‘stylized facts’, based on both quantitative and qualitative empirical results that underlie the facilitation of an effective smart city. In elaborating these facts, the paper offers useful insights to managers seeking to improve the delivery of smart city developmental projects.
•Aims to understand the process of building an effective smart city implementation•Proposes a conceptual framework to conduct comparative case studies by integrating 6 different perspectives•Point to eight ‘stylized facts’, based on both quantitative and qualitative empirical results•Bridge the theoretical and practical gaps on a holistic research approach on smart city development•Provide useful insights for managers on the practice of smart city development projects
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the new paradigm of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and rapid changes in technology and urban needs urge cities around the world ...towards formulating smart city policies. Nevertheless, policy makers, city planners, and practitioners appear to have quite different expectations from what smart cities can offer them. This has led to the emergence of different types of smart cities and pathways of development. This paper aims to answer the research question: When comparing a selection of smart city projects, can we classify pathways for their implementation? We do this by using a cross-case research design of four cities to explore commonalities and differences in development patterns. An input-output (IO) model of smart city development is used to retrieve which design variables are at play and lead to which output. The four cases pertain to the following smart city projects: Smart Dubai, Masdar City, Barcelona Smart City, and Amsterdam Smart City. Our analysis shows that Amsterdam is based on a business-driven approach that puts innovation at its core; for Masdar, technological optimism is the main essence of the pathway; social inclusion is the focus of Barcelona Smart City; and visionary ambitious leadership is the main driver for Smart Dubai. Based on these insights, a classification for smart city development pathways is established. The results of the present study are useful to academic researchers, smart city practitioners, and policy makers.
This article explores technological sovereignty as a way to respond to anxieties of control in digital urban contexts, and argues that this may promise a more meaningful social license to operate ...smart cities. First, we present an overview of smart city developments with a critical focus on corporatization and platform urbanism. We critique Alphabet's Sidewalk Labs development in Toronto, which faces public backlash from the #BlockSidewalk campaign in response to concerns over not just privacy, but also lack of community consultation, the prospect of the city losing its civic ability to self‐govern, and its repossession of public land and infrastructure. Second, we explore what a more responsible smart city could look like, underpinned by technological sovereignty, which is a way to use technologies to promote individual and collective autonomy and empowerment via ownership, control, and self‐governance of data and technologies. To this end, we juxtapose the Sidewalk Labs development in Toronto with the Barcelona Digital City plan. We illustrate the merits (and limits) of technological sovereignty moving toward a fairer and more equitable digital society.
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