ABSTRACT
Product Line Engineering (PLE) builds upon an Agile Architectural Pattern—with reusable resources, evolving resource variations, and a standardized interconnect and sustainment ...infrastructure. Commercial PLE systems attract alternative resource suppliers, such as automotive parts. Defense PLE systems typically result from acquirers encouraging Open System Architectures to enable alternative resource suppliers. Alternative resource suppliers are a major resource variation source in product line engineered systems. Product line engineered systems are systems of systems with potential for complex interactions and unintended emergent behaviors. This article focuses on PLE cyber‐physical‐social system products, the security issues resource variation can introduce, and security patterns for detecting and mitigating these security issues. Resource variations may cause security issues unintentionally, but intentional introduction is also possible by malicious alternative resource suppliers, supply chain interdiction, and insiders. This article assumes malicious intent in resource variation as its security issue base line, as patterns for effective detection and mitigation of malicious variation intent encompass unintentional occurrences.
The term social license (SL) refers to the acceptance or approval by a community of a company's presence. It is generally assumed in the literature that effective corporate social responsibility ...(CSR) actions will lead to an SL. In this study we examine the CSR‐SL relationship at the local community level and establish boundary conditions on the effectiveness of local CSR in creating an SL. Using consent‐based micro‐social contract theory, we theorize that commitment to local CSR improves the level to which a local community grants an SL to a multinational corporation (MNC), but the impact is moderated by the global legitimacy of the parent company, the nature of institutions in the host country, and the degree of polarization within the focal community. Based on 3696 articles regarding 43 global mining MNCs operating in 523 local communities between 2008 and 2020, we use natural language processing and sentiment analysis to evaluate the degree to which a local community grants an SL. Our empirical evidence indicates that local CSR does positively influence the granting of an SL, but the effect is reduced when there is strong rule of law or high community polarization and increased when the focal firm has strong global legitimacy.
The COVID‐19 pandemic broke out at a time when there were heightened uncertainties in the global economy. Understanding these uncertainties provides an important background for analyzing the impact ...of the pandemic on the global economy, assessing the effectiveness of policy measures in combating the pandemic and reviving the global economy, and predicting the trajectory of the economic recovery in the post‐pandemic era. We analyze how COVID‐19 would likely deepen an existing malaises in the global economy, and what could be done to address these problems while managing the economic recovery. We argue that three fundamental factors that could lead to a solid recovery in the post pandemic era are structural reform, new technology and re‐integration. They could be managed by instituting a new “global social contract.” Supported by strong public policies at all levels, especially at national level, these three factors could bring about the salvation of the global economy as it recovers or re‐emerges from the pandemic crisis.
The Social License to Operate Demuijnck, Geert; Fasterling, Björn
Journal of business ethics,
07/2016, Letnik:
136, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article proposes a way to zoom in on the concept of the social license to operate (SLO) from the broader normative perspective of contractarianism. An SLO can be defined as a contractarian basis ...for the legitimacy of a company's specific activity or project. "SLO", as a fashionable expression, has its origins in business practice. From a normative viewpoint, the concept is closely related to social contract theory, and, as such, it has a political dimension. After outlining the contractarian normative background to the SLO, we will show how academic concepts such as legitimacy and stakeholder management have a tendency to provide the intellectual underpinning for the business case for securing an SLO. While business case perspectives on the SLO may well be in line with the use of the term in business practice, we will highlight certain difficulties and ambiguities related to the instrumental use of the expression. In the final section, we briefly introduce the articles of this Special Issue to the reader and explain how they relate to the topic.
•The populist-authoritarian social contract (SC) broke down in the seventies.•The state reshaped the SC to one in which its support base was rooted in the elite.•In the ‘unsocial’ SC, a captured ...industrial policy forms state-business relations.•Post Arab Spring the trajectory of the SC has differed in the three countries.•Egypt occupies one end of the spectrum and Tunisia the other upper end.
The social contract is the deal between the state and its citizens by which the latter agree the rule of the former in return for deliverables Over time, the state’s deliverables have evolved from simple law and order to a set of social rights, such as the social contract in North African countries like Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia –in the 1950s and 1960s. State-led development, including state-led industrial development, provided jobs to many, with state provision of health and education and a range of consumer subsidies. Deteriorating economic performance led to the collapse of this model as the state could no longer provide these deliverables. Instead, an ‘unsocial’ social contract emerged under liberalisation in which the state used trade, industrial and other economic policies to favour an emerging group of crony capitalists who in turn provided support for the regime. The growing inequality and diminishing benefits for the masses undermined its sustainability resulting in the Arab Spring. The trajectory of the social contract has differed in the three countries. In Egypt, the ‘unsocial’ social contract is further entrenched. The army is taking the role of a leading business-group using industrial policy to political ends. Its strong engagement in the economy makes it an interested party rather than an impartialarbiter. In Morocco, the King still retains a prime position but has accommodated some pressures for a more inclusive industrial policy in domestic markets, which may lay the basis for a more broadly based social contract. Tunisia is finding its way to an even more inclusive development model, but is still struggling for consensus for a clear economic policy direction and remains threatened by extremist elements. International efforts to support democratic development in these countries need to be conditioned on the differing nature of the ongoing transitions in the social contract.
Ethics & Big Data Herschel, Richard; Miori, Virginia M.
Technology in society,
20/May , Letnik:
49
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Big Data is a digital phenomenon that enables the collection and use of massive amounts of data derived from both man and machine. This data is characterized in terms of its volume, variety, ...velocity, veracity, variability, and its complexity. While Big Data allows firms to rapidly capture, analyze, and exploit information, it can also enable access to data that compromises an individual's privacy. And this can happen either deliberately or inadvertently. Either way, Big Data fosters a discussion of ethical issues relative to the sharing and usage of data. Ethical debates are typically articulated within the context of ethical theories. These theories help to frame our understanding of moral issues. Their use affords insight into the context and the logic of the moral arguments being presented, thereby providing us with a rational mechanism by which to better evaluate whether an intended action or actual outcome is morally right or wrong. Four ethical theories are briefly reviewed in this paper: Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, and Virtue Theory. Each theory is than examined to show how it might be employed to examine Big Data issues.
•Big Data presents ethical challenges.•Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, and the Virtue Theory ethical theories are reviewed.•Ethical theories are applied to Big Data issues.
The secular social contract as the basis of democracy gives birth to policies and laws that are far from religious principles and norms. For example, the legalisation of same-sex marriage and the ...legalisation of prostitution in most Western countries. This is certainly not in line with Islamic values and needs Islamisation. For this reason, this article aims to explain al-Attas' idea of Islamisation and social contract theory as an example, in order to become an alternative way of Islamic politics. Through literature research with a content analysis approach, it can be concluded that first, the Western social contract is based on an anthropocentric and secular paradigm. Second, the agreement between people with the general will becomes the determinant of policy, third, there is a need for Islamisation of social contract theory with the concept of bai'ah which has a theocentric or tawhidi paradigm, as an alternative way of Islamic politics
Two questions for Professor Vallier Weithman, Paul
Critical review of international social and political philosophy,
06/2023, Letnik:
26, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Kevin Vallier claims to have attained a 'great goal' of the social contract tradition: 'to show that there are regimes supported by the reason of the public and that have authority for citizens in ...those regimes'. I contend that his argument depends upon changing the meanings of 'reason of the public' and 'authority', and conclude that he has not attained the goal he claims.
High-technology firms often partake in coopetitive alliances toward improving their innovation performance. As relational governance contributes significantly to explaining the coopetitive alliance ...success, this research examines the facilitation of relational governance in coopetitive alliances. Drawing from social contract theory, we propose that alliance’s market orientation (AMO) is a means to establish social and cooperative norms, which in turn, increases the viability of relational governance. The analysis of 246 coopetitive innovation alliances among firms in high-technology industries reveals that alliance competence is an important antecedent to AMO, and AMO plays a key role in facilitating relational governance toward improving alliance performance. Furthermore, environmental turbulence enhances the positive influence of relational governance.
Kant no se limita a denunciar la guerra como uno de los peores males que padece la humanidad. Intenta además encontrarle un sentido desde una perspectiva de filosofía de la historia. Supone que forma ...parte de los misteriosos designios de la Providencia. Éste es uno de los aspectos más problemáticos e inquietantes de su pensamiento, habitualmente ignorado por los que presentan de forma simplista al luchador incansable por la paz.
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