W artykule omawia się w perspektywie chronologicznej i problemowej podstawowe przyczyny skutecznej adaptacji idei socjalistycznych w Czarnogórze w XX wieku. Obok źródeł myśli serbskiej, rosyjskiej i ...niemieckiej ważną rolę odegrał tu miejscowy paradygmat etyki heroicznej, kolektywizmu i egalitaryzmu, a także warunki ekonomiczne, związki polityczne z Rosją oraz słabość tradycji feudalnej i mieszczańskiej. Przedstawione przykłady ilustrują różne warianty rozumienia socjalizmu: jako postpatriarchalnego solidaryzmu, rewolucjonizmu etycznego, komunizmu utopijnego i antybiurokratyzmu. Elementy tych koncepcji dostrzegalne są zarówno w ich pierwszych czarnogórskich manifestacjach z lat 1905-1920, działalności międzywojennej KPJ, jak i w rewolucyjnym dyskursie antyfaszystowskiego ruchu partyzanckiego. Podobnie oryginalna geneza społeczno-kulturowa cechuje dokumentację zjawiska z okresów sporu z Międzynarodówką Komunistyczną (od 1948, w tym wypowiedzi Milovana Đilasa), budowy ustroju socjalizmu samorządowego i wydarzeń z lat 1987-1989. The paper discusses, in the chronological and problematic perspective, the essential reasons for the effective adaptation of socialist ideas in Montenegro in 20th century. Apart from sources of Serbian, Russian and German thought, it was local heroic ethics, collectivism and egalitarianism paradigm, economic conditions, political relations with Russia, and also instability of feudal and bourgeois tradition that were crucial to this reception. The examples presented here illustrate various variants of the understanding of socialism: as post-patriarchal solidarism, ethical revolutionarism, utopian communism and anti-bureaucraticism. The elements of these conceptions can be noticed in their first Montenegrin manifestations of 1905-1920, the activity of the interwar YCP as well as in the revolutionary discourse of the antifascist guerrilla movement. Similarly original socio-cultural origin characterises the documentation of the depicted phenomenon in the periods of dispute with Communist International (from 1948, including Milovan Djilas statements), construction of the self-government socialism system and events of 1987-1989. Keywords: Montenegro, socialism, Marxism, proletarian revolution, heroic ethics
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy remains one of the greatest works of social theory written in the twentieth Century. Schumpeter's contention that the seeds of capitalism's decline were internal, ...and his equal and opposite hostility to centralist socialism have perplexed, engaged and infuriated readers since the book's first publication in 1943. By refusing to become an advocate for either position, Schumpeter was able both to make his own great and original contribution and to clear the way for a more balanced consideration of the most important social movements of his and our time.
Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883-1950). Originally born in Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic, Schumpeter was a renowned Economist, Business Theorist and Political Scientist. He has numbered among his pupils Robert Solow, the Nobel Laureate, and former chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan.
Socialisms in the Tsarist Borderlands Marzec, Wiktor; Turunen, Risto
Contributions to the history of concepts,
06/2018, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article presents a conceptual history of socialism in two Western borderlands
of the Russian Empire—namely, the Kingdom of Poland and the
Grand Duchy of Finland. A contrastive comparison is used ...to examine the
birth, dissemination, and breakthrough of the concept from its first appearance
until the Revolution of 1905. The concept entered Polish political conversation
as a self-applied label among émigrés in the 1830s, whereas the
opponents of socialism made it famous in Finland in the 1840s in Swedish
and in the 1860s in Finnish. When socialism became a mass movement at
the turn of the century, socialist parties (re)defined the concept through
underground leaflets and brochures in Poland, and through a legal labor
press in Finland. In both cases, the Revolution of 1905 meant the final democratization
of socialism, attaching more meanings to the concept and
making it the most discussed ism of modern politics.
Across the Soviet Bloc, from the 1960s until the collapse of communism, the automobile exemplified the tension between the ideological imperatives of political authorities and the aspirations of ...ordinary citizens. For the latter, the automobile was the ticket to personal freedom and a piece of the imagined consumer paradise of the West. For the authorities, the personal car was a private, mobile space that challenged the most basic assumptions of the collectivity. The "socialist car"-and the car culture that built up around it-was the result of an always unstable compromise between official ideology, available resources, and the desires of an increasingly restless citizenry. InThe Socialist Car, eleven scholars from Europe and North America explore in vivid detail the interface between the motorcar and the state socialist countries of Eastern Europe, including the USSR.
In addition to the metal, glass, upholstery, and plastic from which the Ladas, Dacias, Trabants, and other still extant but aging models were fabricated, the socialist car embodied East Europeans' longings and compromises, hopes and disappointments. The socialist car represented both aspirations of overcoming the technological gap between the capitalist first and socialist second worlds and dreams of enhancing personal mobility and status. Certain features of automobility-shortages and privileges, waiting lists and lack of readily available credit, the inadequacy of streets and highways-prevailed across the Soviet Bloc. In this collective history, the authors put aside both ridicule and nostalgia in the interest of trying to understand the socialist car in its own context.
Contributors: Elke Beyer, Swiss Institute of Technology; Valentina Fava, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies and University of Helsinki; Luminita Gatejel, European University Institute, Florence; Mariusz Jastrzab, Kozminski University; Corinna Kuhr-Korolev, University of Bochum; Brigitte Le Normand, Indiana University Southeast; Esther Meier, University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg; Kurt Möser, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; György Péteri, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim; Eli Rubin, Western Michigan University; Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Michigan State University
Labor regimes under communism in East-Central Europe were complex, shifting, and ambiguous. This collection of sixteen essays offers new conceptual and empirical ways to understand their history from ...the end of World War II to 1989, and to think about how their experiences relate to debates about labor history, both European and global. The authors reconsider the history of state socialism by re-examining the policies and problems of communist regimes and recovering the voices of the workers who built them. The contributors look at work and workers in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. They explore the often contentious relationship between politics and labor policy, dealing with diverse topics including workers' safety and risks; labor rights and protests; working women's politics and professions; migrant workers and social welfare; attempts to control workers' behavior and stem unemployment; and cases of incomplete, compromised, or even abandoned processes of proletarianization. Workers are presented as active agents in resisting and supporting changes in labor policies, in choosing allegiances, and in defining the very nature of work.
Yugoslavia was unique among the communist countries of the Cold War era in its openness to mixing cultural elements from both socialism and capitalism. Unlike their counterparts in the nations of the ...Soviet Bloc, ordinary Yugoslavs enjoyed access to a wide range of consumer goods and services, from clothes and appliances to travel agencies and discotheques. From the mid-1950s onward the political climate in Yugoslavia permitted, and later at times encouraged, a consumerist lifestyle of shopping, spending, acquiring, and enjoying that engaged the public on a day-to-day basis through modern advertising and sales techniques. InBought and Sold, Patrick Hyder Patterson reveals the extent to which socialist Yugoslavia embraced a consumer culture usually associated with capitalism and explores the role of consumerism in the federation's collapse into civil war in 1991.
Patterson argues, became a land where the symbolic, cultural value of consumer goods was a primary factor in individual and group identity. He shows how a new, aggressive business establishment promoted consumerist tendencies that ordinary citizens eagerly adopted, while the Communist leadership alternately encouraged and constrained the consumer orientation. Abundance translated into civic contentment and seemed to prove that the regime could provide goods and services equal to those of the capitalist West, but many Yugoslavs, both inside and outside the circles of official power, worried about the contradiction between the population's embrace of consumption and the dictates of Marxist ideology. The result was a heated public debate over creeping consumerist values, with the new way of life finding fierce critics and, surprisingly for a communist country, many passionate and vocal defenders.
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