The novels covering the Turkısh War of Independence era allow the readers to have different perspectives on the incidents told. In his novel Sodom and Gomore (Sodom and Gomorrah), Yakup Kadri ...Karaosmanoğlu likens the circumstances of the occupied İstanbul to the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah believed to be destroyed due to their deviant life styles. On the one hand, while the National Struggle is fought at the front, there is a struggle to keep moral and social values alive in İstanbul. For he patriots, who see that their own people are included in the immoral lifestyles of the invaders in İstanbul, living in İstanbul turns into complete torture. The protagonist of the novel, Necdet feels guilty due to the contradiction with his lifestyle and his heart’s enthusiasm for the national cause. Yakup Kadri tests the patriotic young Necdet with his financee Leyla. It is seen that the lack of will and lack of choice stemming from not being able to act underlie Necdet’s sense of guilt. The main objective of this study is to perform a semantic analysis by showing the causes, form of display and consequences of the feeling of guilt told in Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’s Sodom and Gomore based on the concepts of guilt and conscience. In line with the concept of conscience, in which guilt is intertwined, the presence of shame is also is seen under the hero’s criminal psychology. It is concluded that Yakup Kadri used the metaphor of Sodom and Gomorrah in order to display both corrupt aspects of İstanbul during the Turkish War of Independence and the individuals writhing witf the feeling of guilt in the same city
Karagöz, which is one of the important plays of Turkish history and culture, contains many elements, especially laughing and entertaining elements. In this play, which has taken place in the social ...memory for centuries and was performed before the public especially in special ceremonies such as weddings and circumcisions in the old periods, the language of laughter created with Karagöz and Hacivat types and other types has enabled all kinds of subtleties of the art of humour to be revealed. Due to the role of humour in communication, it is one of the main features of the shadow play that humour is presented with a different structure and some violations occur in the dialogues. The principle of co-operation put forward by Paul Grice is also based on these violations in the speech process. According to this principle, there are four basic principles that the speaker should adhere to during the communication process. These are categorised as quantity, quality, relevance and style. According to the principle of quantity, the speaker should make a sufficient contribution to the conversation instead of giving too much information. According to the principle of quality, the speaker should act in accordance with the value of honesty and pay attention not to give false information. According to the principle of relevance, the speaker should express his/her thoughts on the topic without breaking away from the context in the communication process. According to the principle of style, the speaker should be clear in his/her statements and should not create a cognitive imbalance in the minds of the other party. Since the contradiction that arises as a result of the violation of these principles from time to time feeds the art of humour, the effects of this have been seen in the Karagöz play. Therefore, in the process of the emergence of humour, it was tried to reveal with examples how the characters in Karagöz violated the principle of cooperation.
From the beginnings of translation studies to the present day, the theoretical and practical paradigm of translation has come a long way. Although it was closely associated with linguistics and the ...solution of linguistic problems of translation until the early 1980s, it was the first translation theories that drew attention to the cultural phenomena of texts and the challenges of translation. Translation scholars Susan Bassnett and André Lefevre (1990) wrote that translation's shift to cultural phenomena represented a significant cultural turn. This led to a paradigm shift in translation and a new view that translation is an intercultural act and a dialogue between cultures. Given the importance and relevance of research on cultural meanings in translation, this paper focuses on one type of cultural meanings – culture-specific items that sometimes become a cultural stumbling block for translators. The aim of the research described in the article is to analyse the peculiarities of the use of culture-specific items in Ričardas Gavelis's novel Vilnius Poker, to conduct a comparative study of the translation of culture-specific items from Lithuanian into English and French, and to determine the translation techniques, strategies and trends of cultural transposition used by translators. The methods used to achieve the aim of the study include synthesis of scientific literature, comparative, descriptive and quantitative analysis. The use and translation of culture-specific items does not raise the issue of equivalence and linguistic deficit. Culture-specific items are analysed not as a separate unit of the text, but as part of a holistic whole that is organically integrated into the text and contributes to its meaning. The use of culture-specific items in the research material has led to the identification of four thematic groups: social, political, and historical; folkloric and mythological; domestic; and geographical. The data obtained in the quantitative use of culture-specific items suggest that two-fifths of all the culture-specific items analysed belong to the social, political, and historical thematic group reflecting the social life, deformations, Soviet experiences, and worldview of the people in the Soviet period in Vilnius and Lithuania as a whole, as portrayed by R. Gavelis. In a comparative study of translating culture-specific items from Lithuanian into English and French, based on the translation techniques and strategies described by Andrew Chesterman, nine translation techniques and three strategies were identified: from the semantic translation strategy, synonymy, abstraction change, trope change, and paraphrase were used; from the pragmatic translation strategy, the techniques of translation were: explicitness change and omission; from the syntactic or change of form translation, the translation techniques were: literal translation, loan, and transposition. The evaluation of the different translation techniques chosen by the English and French translators to translate culture-specific items showed that the English translation adopted the tendency of foreignization in order to “bring the reader to the author”, i.e. to provide the readers of the translation with as much systematic cultural information as possible about Soviet and postwar Lithuania. In contrast, French translation showed the opposite tendency toward domestication, i.e. the abandonment, omission, or replacement of certain cultural meanings with French cultural meanings. In this, the translator's cultural transposition was shown to “bring the author to the reader”.
The studies on the Dede Korkut Oguznames, which have a great importance and value for Turcology studies, continue to be researched with great intensity today, and each new study carried out in this ...field leads up to other new studies. Through them, studies, extensive information can be obtained about the importance of Dede Korkut Oguznames for Turkish cultural history and especially about Turkish customs, daily life, beliefs and struggles. It is seen that the struggles of the Turks with the current and possible enemies in line with the life styles they have lived for many centuries in the historical process, and sometimes the struggles within themselves, directly or indirectly in the fields such as belief and action, language and culture, thought and discourse, are also reflected in Dede Korkut’s narratives in various dimensions. In this study, Dede Korkut Oguznames are discussed in the context of war and war law. Turkish thoughts, evaluations, attitudes, actions and discourses about the war and how the rules of war and the law of war were determined and operated in Turkish culture, history and customs, and their main appearances were examined in the sample of Dede Korkut Oğuznames, which is one of the important texts of Turkish language, culture and literature.
Carolin Amlinger's Schreiben. Eine Soziologie literarischer Arbeit is a large-scale, but still coherent analysis of contemporary literary production in Germany. Inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's field ...theory, trained in critical theory, and based on interviews with authors she interpreted using qualitative methods, Amlinger combines three approaches: a history of the (West) German literary market and the development of the literary public sphere from 1871 to the recent present, an account of institutions in the present-day German literary scene, and an analysis of the habitus of contemporary authors. Amlinger shows how literary work today is characterized by a blurring of the boundaries between market and public. According to her observation, this development goes hand in hand with an essentialization of authorship – an understanding that justifies precarious work with the promise of creative self-realization. As the review argues, this results in an analytical balancing act: on the one hand, to show how literary writing and the notion of it are reshaped, and at the same time to remain sensitive to the resistance of literary practices and to concepts of authorship that oppose a neoliberal notion of labor. Amlinger's refraining from complementing authors' self-conceptions with observations of actual practices and the products of literary labor make it difficult for the study to consistently pursue both perspectives.
Book Fourteenth of The Prelude by William Wordsworth serves as a religious conclusion that signifies that a spiritual communion with God, infinite and transcendental and magnificently expressed by ...Nature, can heal and restore man’s mind in his crises of life. God’s being is a supreme Dasein, which in terms of essence is the Word/Logos, and which embraces the feature of “de-severance”, that is, eternity. And as a creator, God’s being-in-the-world is essentially caring. This article aims to employ hermeneutics to explicate the religious significance of Book Fourteenth, pointing out that Being housed in Logos is actually the healing power in life crises. I apply hermeneutics to explicate the theological significance of Book Fourteenth.
From the 1990s onwards, in Serbian children’s literature, there has been an increased interest in historical figures and events of the Serbian Middle Ages. In the extensive collection of books and ...picture books for children in which medieval history is themed, and whose authors are Svetlana Velmar Janković, Slobodan Stanišić, Milovan Vitezović and others, certain – almost always the same – historical figures (Stefan Nemanja, Saint Sava, Tsar Dusan) stand out, while some others are completely forgotten. The paper discusses these facts in an ideological context: a return to medieval history and culture in children’s literature takes place through the memory of the “bright age” of Serbian history.
This article aims to analyze the testimonies of women and men whose lives can be succinctly described as childhood and youth in socialism, and adulthood in capitalism, which Nobel prize laureate ...Svetlana Alexievich collected and published in one of her most popular books, Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets (2016) Vremja sekond hènd (konets krasnogo cheloveka), 2013. The paper analyzes how materiality – money in the most literal sense as a “root metaphor” (Shell 1995) and other objects of consumption – is used by her interlocutors to see, present, and interpret the social and political transition. Building on Maurice Halbwachs’s research on the social framework of memory and Pierre Nora’s and Jan Assmann’s research on the past as continually reorganized by the constantly changing frames of reference of the ever-evolving present, I argue that for Alexievich’s interlocutors, the experience of transition and capitalist modernity is crucial for the way they imagine and understand the Soviet socialist past. Secondhand Time offers an account of the affective life of capitalism in post-Soviet everyday life, from which it is possible to derive its moral economy. In the second part of the paper, I critically approach Svetlana Alexievich’s authorial voice (visible at different levels in her works), showing that it often stigmatizes the experience of her interlocutors, which is especially evident in her treatment of nostalgia for the Soviet past, which imposes a moral economy that does not arise from the affects expressed in the testimonies.
Three of the great texts of the Gothic literature of Breton contain quite numerous scenes or descriptions presenting with great luxury of details bodies subjected to very diverse tortures: Mirouer de ...la mort (1519), the Passion de notre seigneur Jésus Christ (1530) and the Vie de sainte Barbe (1557). The imperfect justice of men here on earth leads to the death and apotheosis of the righteous who are subject to it; God's perfect righteousness condemns unrepentant sinners to endless suffering in the hereafter. Our hypothesis is that there is a second level of reading of these passages, which addresses the social question in a pedagogical way: the poor must accept inequalities in this world, in the hope of obtaining their reward in the other world; the rich must not abuse their privileged position or risk being eternally punished; the Church and her clergy are the spiritual force that maintains on earth the providential balance between these two opposing poles.
According to Bourdieu's theory, literary prizes are those specific authorities which contribute in the long run to the conversion of symbolic capital into economic capital. The Nobel Prize played a ...major role in the unification of a relatively autonomous international literary space, as described by Casanova. It helped create a new canon of world literature, as the Nobel prize winners were widely translated. But whereas Casanova places the emphasis on autonomy, this paper underscores the relative heteronomy that this award conveys. Literary authorities negotiate between autonomous and heteronomous criteria, be they ideological or economic. This paper examines how the symbolic capital of the Nobel Prize has served to reinforce modes of domination. The intersectional and Western domination which biased the selection of laureates slowly evolved into more diversity and inclusiveness. Concentrating on the three last decades, which correspond to the globalization era, we observe however that despite the growing inclusion of non-Western authors, it is the dominant Western cultural intermediaries (publishers and literary agents) who mostly capitalize the symbolic and economic profit of the prize. These observations are based on a quantitative analysis of the publishers of the 33 laureates since 1990 in three languages, English, German and French.
