In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the ...majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non-petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.
Density functional theory was used to study the insertion reaction of stannylenoid H
SnLiF with CH
X, SiH
X (X = F, Cl, Br). Comparing the reaction barrier of H
SnLiF with CH
X, SiH
X, it can be ...found that the order of the difficulty of insertion reaction is F > Cl > Br. The insertion reaction potential barrier of SiH
X is lower than that of CH
X, which means that SiH
X is easier to react. According to the calculation results, the reaction law in THF solvent is consistent with that in vacuum, while in THF solvent, the barrier is lower and therefore more prone to reactions. This work provides theoretical support for the reaction properties of stannylenoids.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted enormous attention owing to their high power conversion efficiency and low cost. In this work, solvent engineering techniques for PSCs are reviewed using ...co-solvents, anti-solvents, and solvent additives. In the part of co-solvents, binary solvent systems and ternary solvent systems illustrate their respective properties and their application in PSCs. In the part of the anti-solvents, the use of a common anti-solvent such as chlorobenzene or toluene in the solution treatment provides a method for preparing a pinhole-free and dense structure perovskite film. Meanwhile, the continuous exploration of green anti-solvent projects has made it possible to mass-produce mixed-stabilised perovskite films, which is pinhole-free and uniform. In the solvent additives section, the application of different additives can slow down crystal growth and increases the stability of the PSC. Each section outlines the application and potential of solvent engineering technology to improve the performance of PSCs, illustrating potential applications in the future. This work aims to provide some ideas for the improvement of PSC performance and accelerate another leap of solvent engineering technology in the field of PSCs.
Solvent‐exposed regions, or solvent‐filled pockets, within or adjacent to the ligand‐binding sites of drug‐target proteins provide opportunities for substantial modifications of existing ...small‐molecular drug molecules without serious loss of activity. In this review, we present recent selected examples of exploitation of solvent‐exposed regions of proteins in drug design and development from the recent medicinal‐chemistry literature.
The solvent‐exposed regions of target proteins provided great opportunities to molecular design.
Solvent selection and design are imperative in the CO2 capture process. The efficiency and the overall cost of the process are directly affected by the solvent as a consequence of the effect of ...solvent on factors such as CO2 absorption capacity, size of equipment, and solvent regeneration energy. This review paper aims to review the most important solvents and mixtures of solvents, absorbing CO2 via chemisorption, physisorption and chemi-physisoprtion. Characteristic and structure of different solvents are presented with the advantages and disadvantages of each being highlighted. Mixtures of solvents include chemical or physical solvents only, and combinations of physical and chemical solvents are categorised. In addition to common solvents, phase change solvents are also described. Once a comprehensive list of solvents is presented, different methods of solvent selection and design are illustrated, namely methods involving experiments, process and equilibrium models, predictive models, and computer-aided molecular design (CAMD). The importance of integrated solvent and process selection and design is also discussed. The most recent and selected progress studies in each section are reviewed in detail.
•Role of solvent in CO2 capture is discussed.•The most important solvents and their mixtures are reviewed.•Characteristic, advantages and disadvantages of different solvents are presented.•Different methods of solvent selection and design are illustrated.
A new generation of designer solvents emerged in the last decade as promising green media for multiple applications, including separation processes: the low‐transition‐temperature mixtures (LTTMs). ...They can be prepared by mixing natural high‐melting‐point starting materials, which form a liquid by hydrogen‐bond interactions. Among them, deep‐eutectic solvents (DESs) were presented as promising alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs). Some limitations of ILs are overcome by LTTMs, which are cheap and easy to prepare from natural and readily available starting materials, biodegradable, and renewable.
Liquefaction: LTTMs are promising “green” media for multiple applications, including separation processes. They can be formed by mixing high‐melting‐point starting materials, which form a liquid as a result of hydrogen‐bond interactions (see picture). Among LTTMs, deep‐eutectic solvents (DESs) are presented as renewable, biodegradable, and cost‐effective alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs).
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