•Problems faced by China’s spatial planning were investigated.•Territorial spatial planning system and its role in China’s national spatial governance were explained.•Territorial spatial planning ...helps to improve national space governance capabilities.•Territorial spatial planning legislation will be a milestone in space governance.•Countermeasures to promote the implementation of China's territorial space planning have been put forward.
Spatial planning refers to the long-term planning and overall arrangement of land resources and space layout under the jurisdiction of a country or region government, aiming to achieve effective control and scientific management of territorial space and promote the balance between development and protection. It is generally considered as an effective instrument for promoting space governance and regional sustainable development. This study systematically reviewed the evolution history of China's spatial planning and the key issues it faces or brings, then analyzed the major measures and potential challenges taken by the country, and finally put forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the establishment and implementation of national territory spatial planning (NTSP). Results demonstrated that as the largest developing country in the world, due to the lack of unified spatial planning system and superior laws, there are many problems in China's spatial planning, such as various types, overlapping conflicts, complex approval process and frequent revision of planning, and difficulties in planning implementation, which has led to the imbalance of territory spatial development, deterioration of ecological environment, tightening of resource constraints and regional unbalance development. To solve these problems, China is innovating to take its territory spatial as a system to establish a unified NTSP system, and promoting the transformation of spatial planning from multisector industry or special planning to integrated NTSP. At the same time, China is actively promoting the NTSP legislation, which will have a milestone role in promoting state affairs and space governance by law. However, the NTSP system’s establishment still faces many challenges, and the its formulation and implementation need to consider the background of the times, follow the law of modernization development, and adapt to local conditions in combination with national conditions.
Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more ...effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making.
Much of the urban research focuses on the large metropolitan areas in South Africa. This book assesses spatial planning in the second-tier cities of the country. Secondary cities are vital as they ...perform essential regional, and in some cases, global economic roles and help to distribute the population of a country more evenly across its surface. Apartheid planning left South African cities fragmented segregated and with low densities. Post-apartheid policies aim to reverse these realities by emphasising integration, higher densities and upgrading. Achieving these aims has been challenging and often the historical patterns continue. The evidence shows that two opposing patterns prevail, namely increased densities and continued urban sprawl. This book presents ten case studies of spatial planning and spatial transformation in secondary cities of South Africa. The book frames these case studies against complexity theory and suggests that the post-apartheid response to apartheid planning represents a linear deviation from history. The ten case studies then reveal how difficult it is for local decision-makers to find appropriate responses and how current responses often result in contradictory results. Often these cities are highly vulnerable and they find it difficult to plan in the context of uncertainty. The book also highlights how these cities find it difficult to stand on their own against the influence of interest groups (property developers, mining companies, traditional authorities, other spheres of government). The main reasons include weak municipal finance statements, the dependence on national and provincial government for capital expenditure, limited investment in infrastructure maintenance, the lack of planning capacity, the inability to implement plans and the unintended and sometimes contrary outcomes of post-apartheid planning policies.
Land-sea coordination is a key principle of current national spatial planning and coastal spatial planning in China. In order to provide data that will serve for marine policy decision-making ...purposes this research develops innovatively a model to measure the degree of land-sea coordination and proposes a four-dimensional index system that includes economic development, resource utilization, ecological environment, and social livelihood. Tianjin and Shanghai are selected as the research areas. The results indicate that the degree of land-sea coordination in both Tianjin and Shanghai has increased over the reference period. In Tianjin, the land system efficiency was higher than that of the marine system, and urban development was dominant for land with moderate coordination. The efficiency of land and sea system were basically uniform in Shanghai, where urban progress remains moderately coordinated with a two-way development of land and sea. Land-sea coordination degree index can be used in the compilation and evaluation of territorial spatial planning and coastal zone special planning, and even the index itself can be used as the phased evaluation result after the implementation of spatial planning.
The choice of Bali as the location for the G20 Summit is inseparable from its reputation and experience in organizing international events, which cannot simply be separated from the tourism aspect. ...On the other hand, Lampung has not been chosen as one of the locations for a series of activities for the G20 Presidency, which is certainly a big question mark, considering its strategic location at the tip of Sumatra Island, the spread of various tourist objects. This article focuses on the discussion of how the spatial planning convergence of the Lampung tourism sector affects employment. This study uses a normative approach and comparative-descriptive analysis. This article concludes that the tourism industry cannot be an economic sector with a single identity because tourism has a multidisciplinary character, so the spatial planning policy directions for Lampung Province, especially in the tourism sector, need to be adapted to the multidisciplinary character of tourism, namely by involving many parties including the private sector, banking, and especially Forkopimda Lampung Province.
•Programme to integrate spatial planning and energy planning.•Creating strategic database for energy transition in spatial planning.•Applying strategic maps to harmonize district heating, mobility ...and spatial development.•Applying energy transition thinking for sustainable spatial planning.•Holistic implementation programme for scientific knowledge in local spatial planning.
How we plan our towns, cities and regions is inseparably connected to energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions and the way how we can manage the transition to sustainable renewable energy systems. Therefore, we propose that integrated spatial and energy planning is an important part of energy transition and climate protection strategies. In this article, we discuss how the energy transition and spatial planning can be holistically integrated, and how this theoretical framework combining the factual findings of integrated spatial and energy planning and strategic concepts of spatial planning can be put into practice in municipal spatial planning. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach in an action research process in the Austrian Province of Styria involving the Government representatives, municipalities and spatial planners. The whole approach includes, as tangible outputs a strategic database, strategic maps, and a planning guidance for municipalities on the one hand, and a further education programme for planners and municipal decision makers on the other hand. Finally, the applicability, transferability and limitations of the approach are discussed. As the approach is not only established in Styria, but at the moment also put forward in two further Provinces so that we can, in total, cover about 63% of all Austrian municipalities with this approach, we also propose that this approach can serve as a role model not only for local and regional energy transition and climate protection policies around the world, but also for shaping third mission activities of universities.
Land and sea are closely intertwined in coastal areas; however, the governances thereof are in isolation, which may lead to complex conflicts that threaten coastal sustainability. The development of ...marine economic functions is inseparable from the land. Further, most maritime activities also extend to land, thus exerting impacts on local social and economic development. As such, China considers land and sea as integral entities and promotes land-sea coordination (LSC) through territorial spatial planning. This is one of the pioneering attempts in the world to compulsorily promote the integration of land and sea at the national level. Therefore, this study combs the policy background of LSC development and summarizes that the key challenges of LSC in the context of the new round of land and space planning are the determination of planning scope, the connection of the evaluation system, and the coordination of management. This study analyzes the local experience from the perspective of practice to deal with these challenges and proposes three directions for optimization for further research. In this way, LSC could be a sound framework to integrate land and sea sections for the optimal allocation of resources and eco-environmental protection.
Digitisation of spatial planning can be considered multi-dimensionally. The more comprehensive the approach, the better the solutions will be. The idea of a step-by-step approach should bring the ...best end result. The obligation to create spatial data, which was introduced in Poland, in a way, forced municipalities or urban planners to acquire knowledge and skills in geoinformation and GIS software. The main objective of this article is to present the assumptions and propose a framework and further stages of digitisation of spatial planning in Poland. The specific objective is to present the legislation in the process of digitisation of spatial planning, which has been initiated or significantly modified by the author, and the procedure of which has started or was ongoing in the Department of Spatial Planning within the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology in June 2021. Thus, in addition to the implemented measures, the author also indicates the potential and benefits for urban planners, resulting from the creation of the graphic part of acts in vector form, but also outlines the importance of such studies for various groups of recipients and public administration. At the same time, the people for whom any solution is created – the general public – should not be forgotten.
Depletion of fossil fuel resources is no longer just a pessimistic vision of the future. The economy’s demand for electricity continues to grow steadily and, given the dwindling resources of ...traditional energy sources, makes humanity look for alternative solutions. Harvesting energy from renewable sources is becoming commonplace, solar energy being one of them. The development of technology provides more and more new technical solutions, and photovoltaic installations in the form of farms are gaining popularity in Poland. The quantity of electricity generated from them depends on many factors, i.e. not only the efficiency of the cells as such, but also the size of the area covered. In the light of the existing regulations, projects based on the development of photovoltaic systems with an area of not less than 1 hectare are classified as projects that may potentially have a significant impact on the environment, which entails the need to conduct an environmental impact assessment procedure and then obtain a building permit by the investor. The possibility of obtaining a building permit for a photovoltaic farm installation depends on obtaining a decision on land development and management conditions or a decision on the location of public purpose investment. At this stage, administrative bodies are faced with the need to decide how the required arrangements are to be made between administrative bodies. Legislative acts in force in Poland do not seem to regulate this issue in a sufficiently clear manner. This study analyses the above issue from the point of view of the existing provisions of the Spatial Planning and Development Act.
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