This study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of random inclusion of jute fibers with black carbon on the properties of soil. Fiber length and inclusion percentage of fiber and black carbon ...in the soil mass were taken as the initial study perimeters. The laboratory CBR value of soil reinforced with the jute fibre with black carbon content is determined and also the length of fibre is also determined. The results indicates that the increase in the fibre content with black carbon content in the soil sample increases the CBR value , dry density and OMC of the reinforced sample. The most efficient effects of soil reinforcement was achieved by adding the fibre content of 1% and length of 20mm with the black carbon content of 11%.
Expansive soil is problematic soil because its alternate swell shrink behaviour depends on the presence of water. Soil stabilization technique was widely adopted to alter the characteristics of the ...expansive soil which is suitable for construction. Among the various soil stabilization techniques, chemical stabilization was found to be more suitable method of sustainable stabilizing the soil due to its effective and timely reaction with the chemical compound. Calcined form of clay material is used as an admixture to study the effects on the improvement of soil properties. Calcined Clay (CC) is added into the virgin soil with different percentages of 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10% under varying 1,3,7,14,28 and 60 days of curing by conducting experiments such as standard proctor test, Free Swell test to analyse the compaction characteristics and swelling behaviour of the soil. In addition to that the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) on virgin and treated soil were studied by varying 2% incremental of CC up to 10% at 28 days of curing. From the test results it shows the variation in the compaction characteristics by rising in Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and reduction in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) that merges at 8% as an optimum to develop the soil behaviour and from the free swell test, it was found that the Free Swell Index (FSI) of the soil decrease from 210 to 80 at 10% calcined clay added soil and the Mineralogical studies also show the variation in the compounds. Thus, this naturally available calcined clay was used to improve the soil Compaction and swell characteristics that influences the reduction in deformation and increase in shear strength of soil which helped to minimize the environmental problem as well as one of the effective admixtures to improve the expansive soil characteristics.
Abstract
Clayey soil is typically firm when they are evaporated and gave its firmness as it looks right on soaked. Delicate clays are related with little compressive strength and beyond preposterous ...arrangement. This decrease in strength because of dampness prompts serious harm to the structures and substructures. The nature of the soil can experiment with the originator fabricating foundation intent on clayey sediments. This paper is based on the study of the engineering properties of clayey soil. This experimental study depicts the basic attributes of the clayey soil; which further leads to improving the nature or engineering properties of the clayey soil for the subgrade of the flexible pavement. Different tests are to be performed in the laboratory and conduct the desired results.
•Study investigates the stability of the sandy clay soil by adding basalt fiber.•Comparison of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the sandy clay soil was studied.•Adding basalt fiber ...to clay soil reduces the optimum moisture content and increases the dry density.•The optimum fiber content corresponding to maximum improvement of the strength is found to be 1.5%.
The aim of the study is to investigate the stability of the sandy clay soil by adding basalt fiber and to compare the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the sandy clay soil and basalt fiber reinforced sandy clay soil to provide an innovative foundation material. In the present study, 0.5% of chopped basalt fiber was added to sandy clay soil to investigate the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density test and determine the strength of sandy clay soil and basalt fiber reinforced sandy clay soil. A total of 36 samples were tested (18 sandy clay soils and 18 basalt fibre reinforced sandy clay soils). The results of the analysis using a statistical software by keeping the pre-test power as 80%. An independent-samples-t-test on sandy clay soil and basalt fiber reinforced sandy clay soil and the obtained significance is 0.001 (p < 0.05). The mean MDD value of basalt fiber reinforced sandy clay soil is increased by 1.27 kg/m3 when compared with the sandy clay soil. Based on the findings, we may infer that adding basalt fibre to a sandy clay soil reduces the optimum moisture content while increasing the maximum dry density.
Abstract
In order for the foundation of building to be strong, the soil around it plays a critical role. So, researcher or engineer should have thorough knowledge about the factors affecting ...behaviour of soil which can be altered by the process of soil stabilisation. This study aims to investigate the applicability of SCBA (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash) to stabilize the clayey soil. Sugar factories produce waste after extraction of sugarcane gets brunt and the ash, hence produced is known as bagasse ash. Soil is treated with partial replacement of cement (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) and with bagasse ash (2%, 4%, 6%and 8%). A total of 45 specimens were prepared in this study. Later those test specimens were evaluated for compaction properties. The results found after thorough study was that there was increase in the compaction properties with percentage increase in Sugarcane Bagasse Ash up to certain limit.
Increasing environmental pollution due to the rapid increase in the world population is one of the most important problems of humanity, perhaps even the first. Environmental elements that are vital ...for living things air, soil and water are becoming more polluted and unusable day by day. For this reason, various improvement studies are carried out in these areas. One of them is wastewater treatment plants built to control water pollution. While the water treated in the sedimentation ponds in these facilities is recycled into nature, it leaves waste treatment sludge behind. These waste sludges collected in a certain place are destroyed by various methods such as composting, drying or incineration. In previous studies, the usability of sewage sludge ash in soil improvement was investigated. In this study, the usability of sewage sludge ash as road filling material was investigated (Ash was added to the clay soil in determined percentages. These percentages are respectively; 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%). Treatment sludge ash was obtained from Bursa Fluidized Bed Sludge Incineration and Energy Recovery Facility. Then, the samples prepared by adding treatment sludge ash to the clay soil at certain rates were subjected to the CBR test with the Standard Proctor test. The values obtained as a result of the experiments were compared with the values given in the Highways Technical Specifications and it was determined whether they were suitable as a road filling material. The engineering properties of the soil used indicate that the soil is weak (clay soil). The treatment sludge ash added as an additive has improved all the properties of the soil to a certain extent.
Abstract
In our everyday lives, transport plays an important part. An important necessity for the building of pavements is the existence of a decent subgrade. Soil stabilization is the process of ...improving the physical qualities of the soil in order to enhance its strength, durability etc. Soil stabilization gives an option to enhancing its strength and capacity to carry load. The many ways utilized to stabilize the soil Subgrade. However, the carbon footprint for most of the chemical stabilizations is enormous, which made researchers to find some sustainable alternatives. Present study focuses on the applicability of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), a synthetic rubber, which is an easily accessible adhesive that may be used to improve the characteristics of soil. Soils combined with chemical stabilizer (SBR) in varied percentages have been tested for Standard Proctor Test, and California Bearing Ratio Test. As a consequence of the stabilization, the OMC was lowered and MDD of the soil increased. The results were satisfactory till the addition of 12% chemical, which means that SBR can be used as a stabilizer for improving the properties of expansive clay subgrade
•We examine the new method that is non-destructive to determine dry unit weight of compacted soils.•Dry unit weights of compacted soils are modeled by GLM and MLP.•Different soil types do not display ...same behavior of Vp measurements.•MLP is considered for each soil types for accurate estimation of dry unit weights.
Compaction of earth fill is a very important stage of construction projects. Degree of compaction is defined by relative compaction. The relative compaction of a compacted earth fill is calculated by dividing the dry unit weight obtained from in situ tests by-into the maximum dry unit weight obtained from laboratory compaction tests. This rate represents compaction quality in the field. Numerous test methods such as sand cone, rubber balloon, nuclear measurements, etc., are available to determine the maximum dry unit weight of soils in the field. It is well known that these methods have disadvantages as well as advantages. This study focused on estimation of dry unit weight of soils depending on water contents and P-wave velocities of compacted soils. The multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks and general linear model (GLM) were used in this study to estimate the dry unit weight of different types of soils. Results of the MLP neural networks were compared with the GLM results. Based on the comparisons, it is found that the MLP generally gives better dry unit weight estimates than the GLM technique. The laboratory experiments and modeling studies showed that a new method for compaction control can be developed depending on P-wave velocity to estimate of the dry unit weight of compacted soils.
Peat land covers a large portion of the total land area in Malaysia and several other countries throughout the world. The Malaysian state of Sarawak has the most peat land area nationally. Peat is ...considered a problematic type of soil due to its high compressibility, high moisture content, high organic matter and low shear strength. As a form of stabilization, it is suggested to combine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) with peat. This study investigated the engineering properties of these composite matrices in terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Standard Proctor test values. Results showed that the dry density of the peat samples increased with the increase in POFA content. The POFA-peat composites showed an increase of 4 times the untreated peat value. Also, CBR values for these composites increased from 31 to 42 fold, in comparison with untreated peat. The peat-POFA CBR values are rated as good materials for the purpose of road base or subbase construction.
Laboratory tests for the estimation of the compaction parameters, namely the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) are time-consuming and costly. Thus, this paper employs the ...artificial neural network technique for the prediction of the OMC and MDD for the aggregate base course from relatively easier index properties tests. The grain size distribution, plastic limit, and liquid limits are used as the inputs for the development of the ANNs. In this study, multiple ANNs (240 ANNs) are tested to choose the optimum ANN that produces the best predictions. This paper focuses on studying the impact of three different activation functions: number of hidden layers, number of neurons per hidden layer on the predictions, and heatmaps are generated to compare the performance of every ANN with different settings. Results show that the optimum ANN hyperparameters change depending on the predicted parameter. Additionally, the hyperbolic tangent activation is the most efficient activation function as it outperforms the other two activation functions. Additionally, the simplest ANN architectures results in the best predictions, as the performance of the ANNs deteriorates with the increase in the number of hidden layers or the number of neurons per hidden layers.
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