Rječnik i stereotipi Hudeček, Lana
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
01/2021, Letnik:
47, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Istraživački projekt
Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik
Hrvatske zaklade za znanost pri
kraju je prve faze (2017. – 2021.) svoje provedbe. U toj su fazi ispunjeni
zahtjevi zadani radnim planom ...projekta, ali su se otvorila i pitanja kojima u
budućnosti treba posvetiti posebnu pozornost. Jedno je od njih obrada riječi i
izraza koji označuju stereotipizirane pojmove, što otvara i daljnja
promišljanja o potrebi i načinu davanja informacija o konotativnome značenju u
rječniku, odnosno o granici konotativnoga i prenesenoga značenja, koju nije
uvijek lako odrediti. Upravo je stoga u suorganizaciji projekta
Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik
,
Hrvatske zaklade za znanost i Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, kao
ustanove nositelja projekta, 11. prosinca 2020. održan
Okrugli stol Rječnik i stereotipi
posvećen toj temi. U ovome se
radu na primjeru riječi i izraza kojima se označuje osoba plave/svijetle kose (s
posebnim obzirom na riječi
plavuša
i
plavušan
) pokazuje koje podatke
leksikograf dobiva iz skica riječi i s kojim se problemima suočava pri njihovoj
interpretaciji. Posebno se na temelju riječi koje označuju osobu određene boje kose
pokazuje kako se iz gramatičke (tvorbene) strukture nekih riječi mogu iščitati
u njoj pohranjeni stereotipi i, primjerice, slika rodne (ne)ravnopravnosti u
određenome društvenom trenutku.
This paper is dealing with practical
lexicographic issues connected to stereotyping by looking at data from the
hrWaC
corpus. Examples of terms and
expressions used to denote people with blond hair, male and female alike –
plavokosa djevojčica/djevojka/žena
(
blonde girl/woman
),
plavuša
(
blonde
),
plavokos dječak/mladić/muškarac
(
blond boy/young man/man
), and
plavušan
(
blond
) – and the possessive adjective
plavušin
(
blonde’s
;
hrWaC
has no record of the male
equivalent –
plavušanov
/
blond’s
) show their most frequent
collocational behaviour. This brings us to the issue of linguistic
(grammatical) stereotyping (like we see in
plavuša
with the feminine -
uša
suffix) and
lack of semantic parallelism between the unit denoting a stereotyped notion and
its derivatives (female
plavuša/blonde
vs. male
plavušan/blond
). The paper shows
the extent of connotational/collocational differentiation between the Croatian
expressions for female persons that contain adjective
plavokos
(
blond-haired
) (mostly
implying delicacy, gentleness, fragility) and the term
plavuša
(
blonde
) (mostly
implying physical attraction and lack of intelligence). As a dictionary that is
corpus-based, but not corpus-driven,
Mrežnik
does not register collocations uncritically. This fact raises many questions:
about the importance of a dictionary’s social responsibility and its
realization; whether a dictionary should also have an educational role, in the sense
that it should aim to change negative perceptions/stereotypes; What is the role
of the assumed user profile as we choose the way in which to present a
stereotyped concept? Can a lexicographer be scientifically consistent and
socially appropriate at the same time? In fact, by raising this collocational
issue with regard to
Mrežnik
and
asking how
Mrežnik
perceives a
blonde, we are bringing closer some of the doubts that emerge as we process
words that reflect social, gender and other stereotypes, while offering a model
for their processing.
L’articolo propone l’analisi linguistica degli italianismi presenti nel doppiaggio in lingua originale del film d’animazione Disney Pixar “Luca”, ambientato nell’Italia del 1959 e uscito sulla ...piattaforma streaming Disney+ nell’estate del 2021. Tale ricerca ha avuto lo scopo di verificare quale immagine della lingua e della cultura italiane venga veicolata dal film e quali siano gli stereotipi culturali sul nostro Paese maggiormente diffusi nel mondo, in particolare nel contesto anglo-americano. Sono state prese in considerazione due categorie di italianismi, quelli lessicali e quelli fraseologici e morfosintattici. Ciò che è emerso dall’indagine è che la maggioranza dei termini e delle locuzioni italiane presenti nel film contribuisce a rafforzare alcuni stereotipi sulla nostra nazione, legati agli ambiti semantici in cui l’influenza italiana nel mondo è risultata da sempre predominante: l’enogastronomia, la cultura musicale e cinematografica, l’espressività verbale e gestuale particolarmente marcata. This paper provides a linguistic analysis of the italian words and phrases occurred in the original dubbing of the Disney Pixar featured film "Luca", set in Italy in 1959 and appeared on the Disney+ streaming platform in the summer of 2021. This research aimed to verify which image of the Italian language and culture is conveyed by the movie and what are the most widespread Italian stereotypes in the world, especially in the USA.. What emerged from the survey is that the majority of Italian terms and phrases in the film contribute to reinforce some of the stereotypes about Italy, most of all in the semantic spheres in which the italian culture influence has always been predominant, as food and wine, music and cinema, verbal and gestural expressiveness particularly marked.
Age stereotypes and meta-stereotypes about older persons represent personal and socially conditioned generalised assumptions about what older persons should be like, how they should act and what will ...they probably experience as members of that age group, not taking into consideration individual differences among them. Current understanding points to numerous adverse effects of self-stereotyping, stereotyping and ageism on self-understanding, self-efficacy, health and welfare of older persons. Due to a lack of knowledge of the experience of the position of older persons in our society and their view on typical members of their age group, this research aimed to gain deeper insight through using qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews included 40 respondents from a younger group of older persons. Qualitative analysis of the content of statements determined the stereotypes that the respondents have about physical appearance, psycho-physical characteristics and behaviours connected to social relationships of older persons. The position of older persons in society is mostly experienced as unfavourable and socially excluded by the state and society. Key words: age stereotypes, ageism, older persons, qualitative approach.
Posljednjih desetljeća u brojnim crkvenim dokumentima, izjavama papa, biskupskih konferencija i pojedinih biskupa dekonstrukcija rodnih stereotipa tumači se kao destrukcija kršćanske antropologije. ...Za razliku od toga, postoje dokumenti i izjave u kojima se crkveno učiteljstvo ograđuje od biološkog determinizma te dopušta dekonstrukciju rodnih stereotipa, ali bez dovođenja u pitanje muško-ženske prirode na kojoj se temelje. U drugom dijelu članka prikazat ćemo da se (de)konstrukcija katoličke antropologije trajno događa i da ne vodi do razaranja i negiranja ljudske prirode već do shvaćanja procesa koji su utjecali na način na koji se muško-ženska priroda definirala. Na taj način se otvaraju mogućnosti za daljnji razvoj teološke antropologije u interdisciplinarnom znanstvenom pristupu. Koliko se sa stereotipnim izjavama o ženama i muškarcima slažu religiozni katolici koji pohađaju vjerske obrede analiziramo na temelju podataka prikupljenih u istraživanju provedenom u Hrvatskoj 2018. godine u sklopu projekta »Relacijski rodni odnosi u Hrvatskoj: modernizacijske i razvojne perspektive« (GENMOD).
In recent decades, the deconstruction of gender stereotypes has been interpreted as the destruction of Christian anthropology in numerous church documents, statements by popes and bishops, and episcopal conferences. In contrast, there are documents and statements in which church teachings distances itself from biological determinism and allows the deconstruction of gender stereotypes but without questioning the male-female nature on which they are based. In the second part of the article, we will show that the (de)construction of Catholic anthropology is constantly occurring and does not lead to the destruction and negation of human nature but to an understanding of the processes that influenced the way male-female nature is defined. This opens up opportunities for further development of theological anthropology with an interdisciplinary scientific approach. The extent to which religious Catholics who attend religious ceremonies agree with stereotypical statements about women and men is analysed in this article. This is based on data collected in a survey conducted in Croatia in 2018 that was part of the project »Relational Gender Identities in Croatia: Modernization and Development Perspectives« (GENMOD).
Cilj ovoga kvantitativnog anketnog istraživanja bio je utvrditi doživljaj i iskustva rodne diskriminacije na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu iz perspektive studenata/ica te doprinos sociodemografskih obilježja ...i obilježja studiranja u objašnjavanju iskustva, svjedočenja i percepcije rodne diskriminacije. Kao polazište korištene su teorije kongruentnosti uloga i teorija grupne osviještenosti. U istraživanju koje je provedeno 2020. godine sudjelovalo je 274 studenata/ica sa Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Rezultati su analizirani regresijskom analizom (jednostavna i hijerarhijska regresijska analiza s dodatnom provjerom moderatorskog učinka svjedočenja rodnoj diskriminaciji na odnos između iskustva i percepcije rodne diskriminacije). Rezultati su pokazali da iskustvo rodne diskriminacije postoji na onim studijima gdje je nominalno izjednačen broj studenata i studentica, no postoje određeni džepovi diskriminacije poput biomedicinskih studija i integriranih studija gdje se češće osobno doživljava rodna diskriminacija i svjedoči diskriminaciji drugih. U percepciji i svjedočenju rodne diskriminacije ključan je čimbenik osobno iskustvo koje pomaže izgradnji grupne osviještenosti. Rodni stereotipi najčešći su oblik rodne diskriminacije. Kad govorimo o sadržaju stereotipa, češće se uočavaju rodni stereotipi deskriptivnog karaktera usmjerenog na oba spola, ali i preskriptivni stereotipi koji su usmjereni protiv žena na pozicijama moći. Stoga možemo zaključiti kako je akademsko okruženje iz perspektive studenata i studentica još uvijek obilježeno „staklenim stropom“, i to neovisno o dominantnoj zastupljenosti studentica na sveučilištu. No, iskustvo diskriminacije nije isključivo žensko pitanje te su svakako potrebna dodatna istraživanja kako bi se istražile dimenzije diskriminacije studenata. Rezultati upućuju na potrebu snažnije zastupljenosti teme rodne ravnopravnosti u akademskoj zajednici uz uspostavljanje institucionalne podrške u suzbijanju diskriminacije.
U inozemnoj se literaturi sve češće nailazi na kritike nekih popularnih suvremenih trendova u sankcioniranju počinitelja seksualnih delikata, pri čemu se sve intenzivnije naglašava značajan utjecaj ...mitova i stereotipa na takve trendove i primjenu isključivo punitivnih, nedovoljno učinkovitih intervencija. Ciljevi su rada temeljem dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature istražiti i sažeto predočiti neke od najvažnijih mitova i stereotipa povezanih sa seksualnim deliktima i počiniteljima, upozoriti na moguće negativne učinke na prevenciju kriminalnog povrata, te naglasiti i argumentirati značaj napora u njihovu prevladavanju. Pri tome se uz kritički osvrt na prisutne trendove, prethodno usustavljuju i prezentiraju statistički podatci iz relevantnih izvora, rezultati istraživanja i suvremene spoznaje kojima se argumentira stvarna realnost u odnosu na uglavnom znanstveno neutemeljenu percepciju javnosti. U okviru kritičkog osvrta razmotrena je i uputnost prihvaćanja inozemnih punitivnih trendova u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu i penološkoj praksi, uz zaključne preporuke za hrvatski kontekst. S obzirom na nužnost prevladavanja mitova i stereotipa, rad je ujedno sadržajno koncipiran i kao moguća konceptualna okosnica edukacijskih intervencija i/ili potencijalna temeljna odrednica u ciljanoj komunikaciji s medijima i javnošću, ali i kao svojevrsni poticaj i polazište znanstvenih istraživanja o toj temi u hrvatskom kontekstu.
Déjà vu latinoamericano Raffaele Nocera
Nuovi autoritarismi e democrazie : diritto, instituzioni, società : NAD,
12/2019, Letnik:
1, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Every time Latin America comes to the attention of Italian public opinion due to political turbulence and street protests, Italy is generally taken by surprise. Suddenly the Latin American region is ...represented as an exotic land, victim of an unmotivated collective hysteria that overwhelms everything with its devastating fury, institutions, societies, economies. Stereotypes of a distant time resurface, some of them originating in the nineteenth century, when European and American travellers and merchants contributed to the construction of an image of backwardness and incivility of the subcontinent. The truth is that dissent, discontent, rebellion and numerous other phenomena recur “periodically” in Latin America, because they have to do with structural problems that have never been solved, problems inscrutable to superficial analyses that do not take into proper consideration the history of this region
The identification of one’s own community as well as the definition of oneself stems from the contraposition with otherness through various prejudices or stereotypes. The aim of this paper is to ...analyse linguistic reflections of the perception of oneself as well as of others within the Italian and Croatian phraseology. Having in mind certain general considerations about the fundamental bonds between the language and the culture, the Author analyses idiomatic expressions containing ethnonyms. The Italian examples indicating foreigners are confronted with the Croatian examples in order to establish the image of others as well as the peculiarities of different cultures and mentalities within the field of phraseology. Lastly, similarities and differences between the two languages are described at the semantic, sociolinguistic and cultural level.
The main aim of the study was to determine how often young handball players encountered negative stereotypes towards sportswomen. In addition, we examined whether young sportswomen who were ...differentially exposed to those stereotypes differed in their perception of gender inequality regarding training conditions and sporting achievement appraisal of boys and girls in their sports clubs. The study involved 522 handball players (289 boys and 233 girls) whose ages ranged from 14 to 17 years (M = 14.75; SD = 0.96). The results showed that 94.5 % of boys and 95.6 % of girls who participated in the study have heard negative stereotypes towards sportswomen and/or the sports in which they participate. Young sportswomen were more often exposed to the attitudes according to which sports activities are not suitable for girls (U = 28188,00, p <0,05) as well as to the attitudes implying that women’s sports are not attractive (U = 28111.00, p <0.05). Furthermore, girls who were more often exposed to negative stereotypes towards sportswomen more frequently reported that boys and girls in their club trained in unequal conditions (U = 3551,000, p <0.001) and that their sports achievements were not valued equally (U = 3353,500, p <0,001). The obtained results indicate the need to undertake measures to combat the negative stereotypes towards sportswomen and enable equal training conditions and equal sports achievements evaluation for boys and girls who participate in sports.
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