Intertemporal choice involves deciding between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. People tend to prefer smaller rewards that are available earlier to larger rewards available later, a ...phenomenon referred to as temporal or delay discounting. Despite its ubiquity in human and non-human animals, temporal discounting is subject to considerable individual differences. Here, we provide a critical narrative review of this literature and make suggestions for future work. We conclude that temporal discounting is associated with key socio-economic and health-related variables. Regarding personality, large-scale studies have found steeper temporal discounting to be associated with higher levels of self-reported impulsivity and extraversion; however, effect sizes are small. Temporal discounting correlates negatively with future-oriented cognitive styles and inhibitory control, again with small effect sizes. There are consistent associations between steeper temporal discounting and lower intelligence, with effect sizes exceeding those of personality or cognitive variables, although socio-demographic moderator variables may play a role. Neuroimaging evidence of brain structural and functional correlates is not yet consistent, neither with regard to areas nor directions of effects. Finally, following early candidate gene studies, recent Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) approaches have revealed the molecular genetic architecture of temporal discounting to be more complex than initially thought. Overall, the study of individual differences in temporal discounting is a maturing field that has produced some replicable findings. Effect sizes are small-to-medium, necessitating future hypothesis-driven work that prioritizes large samples with adequate power calculations. More research is also needed regarding the neural origins of individual differences in temporal discounting as well as the mediating neural mechanisms of associations of temporal discounting with personality and cognitive variables.
Cilj je ovoga rada bio ispitati međugeneracijske učinke kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i njihovih ponašanja na razvoj anksioznosti i depresivnosti djece. Kognitivni stil obilježen ...strepnjom označava tendenciju pojedinca da generira dinamične mentalne scenarije u kojima se prijetnja povećava i približava. Istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost toga stila i anksioznosti. S obzirom na nekonzistentnost u povezivanju toga stila i depresije, pokušali su se definirati uvjeti pod kojima se ta povezanost pojavljuje uvođenjem moderatorske varijable stresnih životnih događaja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 126 parova majki i djece. Rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da kognitivni stil majke obilježen strepnjom ima doprinos u međugeneracijskome prijenosu anksioznosti, ali sugeriraju i njegov doprinos u objašnjenju depresivnosti. Djeca majki koje su imale izraženiji kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom imala su višu razinu anksioznosti i depresivnosti. Roditeljska ponašanja koja uključuju modeliranje i verbalni prijenos informacija o prijetnji značajno predviđaju pojavu anksioznosti kod djece. Utvrđen potpuni medijacijski efekt upućuje na to da kognitivni stil obilježen strepnjom majki ima značajan efekt na anksioznost djece samo putem modeliranja majki te je utvrđen i medijacijski efekt modeliranja majki u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti kod djece. Moderatorski efekt stresnih životnih događaja u odnosu kognitivnoga stila obilježenoga strepnjom majki i depresivnosti njihove djece nije potvrđen. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na važnost roditeljskih ponašanja u objašnjenju simptoma anksioznosti i depresivnosti kod djece.
Istraživanja kontinuirano pokazuju da interes, motivacija i uključenost u učenje fizike opadaju s godinama školovanja. Neka istraživanja pokazuju i da pad interesa za učenje fizike započinje već na ...početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike pa je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati odrednice motivacije i uključenosti u učenje učenika koji se prvi put susreću s predmetom fizike. Uključenost u učenje predstavlja opažljivu manifestaciju motivacije, a većina autora smatra da je sačinjavaju bihevioralni (pažnja, koncentracija i ustrajnost), kognitivni (učenje s razumijevanjem) i emocionalni (pozitivne emocije za vrijeme učenja) aspekt. Za teorijski okvir odabran je kontekstualni model školske uključenosti prema kojemu motivacijska uvjerenja učenika posreduju u odnosu između kontekstualnih čimbenika i uključenosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 595 učenika sedmih razreda iz deset osnovnih škola u Zagrebu prosječne dobi od 13 godina (51 % djevojčica). Za provjeru medijatorne uloge motivacijskih uvjerenja učenika (samoefikasnosti, interesa, važnosti i korisnosti fizike) u odnosu između triju aspekata motiviranja učenika (nastavnička brižnost, poticanje autonomije i nastavnička struktura) te triju aspekata uključenosti u učenje (bihevioralnoga, kognitivnoga i emocionalnoga) korišteno je strukturalno modeliranje. Rezultati istraživanja u skladu su s teorijskim modelom i pokazali su da tri aspekta uključenosti u učenje fizike imaju različite mehanizme na početku formalnoga obrazovanja iz fizike. Najvažnijim se medijatorom pokazao interes za fiziku koji je posredovao u odnosu između nastavničke brižnosti i strukture te bihevioralne i emocionalne uključenosti u učenje fizike, dok su uvjerenja o samoefikasnosti i korisnosti fizike posredovala u odnosu između nastavničkoga poticanja autonomije te kognitivne uključenosti u učenje fizike. Rezultati imaju teorijske i praktične implikacije.
Streak tube imaging lidar (STIL) is an active imaging system that has a high range accuracy and a wide range gate with the use of a pulsed laser transmitter and streak tube receiver to produce 3D ...range images. This work investigates the range accuracy performance of STIL systems based on a peak detection algorithm, taking into account the effects of blurring of the image. A theoretical model of the time-resolved signal distribution, including the static blurring width in addition to the laser pulse width, is presented, resulting in a modified range accuracy analysis. The model indicates that the static blurring width has a significant effect on the range accuracy, which is validated by both the simulation and experimental results. By using the optimal static blurring width, the range accuracies are enhanced in both indoor and outdoor experiments, with a stand-off distance of 10m and 1700m, respectively, and corresponding, best range errors of 0.06m and 0.25m were achieved in a daylight environment.
•A theoretical model of time-resolved signal distribution including both the static blurring width and laser pulse width is presented.•The relationship between range accuracy and static blurring width is analyzed, and is validated by both simulation and experimental results•By using the optimal static blurring width, the range accuracies have been enhanced in both indoor and outdoor experiments with a stand-off distance of 10m and 1700m, respectively.•The work presented here is useful for the design and evaluation of the STIL systems.
Jones explores the stylistic aspects of the Greek Psalter that point both to the translator's respect for his Hebrew source and to his concern for creating a text that could be read aloud or ...performed within the ancient Jewish-Greek community.
Control of centriole number is crucial for genome stability and ciliogenesis. Here, we characterize the role of human STIL, a protein that displays distant sequence similarity to the centriole ...duplication factors Ana2 in Drosophila and SAS-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Using RNA interference, we show that STIL is required for centriole duplication in human cells. Conversely, overexpression of STIL triggers the near-simultaneous formation of multiple daughter centrioles surrounding each mother, which is highly reminiscent of the phenotype produced by overexpression of the polo-like kinase PLK4 or the spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog (SAS-6). We further show, by fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, that STIL is recruited to nascent daughter centrioles at the onset of centriole duplication and degraded, in an APC/C(Cdc20-Cdh1)-dependent manner, upon passage through mitosis. We did not detect a stable complex between STIL and SAS-6, but the two proteins resemble each other with regard to both localization and cell cycle control of expression. Thus, STIL cooperates with SAS-6 and PLK4 in the control of centriole number and represents a key centriole duplication factor in human cells.
Background
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the function and latent mechanism of circ-STIL in HCC have not been ...elucidated.
Aims
This study was designed to explore the precise role and underlying molecular mechanism of circ-STIL in HCC advancement.
Methods
The expression levels of circ-STIL, SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus (STIL), miR-345-5p and aquaporin-3 (AQP3) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was conducted to analyze cell migratory and invasive capacities. The interactions among circ-STIL, miR-345-5p and AQP3 were confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Xenograft tumor model was established to analyze the role of circ-STIL in HCC in vivo.
Results
Circ-STIL was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Circ-STIL knockdown inhibited HCC cell progression by reducing cell proliferation, migration and invasion and promoting cell apoptosis. MiR-345-5p was a direct target of circ-STIL, and AQP3 was targeted by miR-345-5p in HCC. Circ-STIL knockdown or miR-345-5p overexpression impeded cell malignant behaviors in HCC cells, and the effects could be reversed by miR-345-5p silence or AQP3 enhancement, respectively. Meanwhile, circ-STIL regulated AQP3 expression by sponging miR-345-5p. Besides, circ-STIL downregulation retarded HCC tumor growth in vivo.
Conclusion
Circ-STIL knockdown suppressed HCC development by regulating miR-345-5p/AQP3 pathway, which might provide a promising target for HCC therapy.
PLK4 has emerged as a prime target for cancer therapeutics, and its overexpression is frequently observed in various types of human cancer. Recent studies have further revealed an unexpected ...oncogenic activity of PLK4 in regulating cancer cell migration and invasion. However, the molecular basis behind the role of PLK4 in these processes still remains only partly understood. Our previous work has demonstrated that an intact CEP85-STIL binding interface is necessary for robust PLK4 activation and centriole duplication. Here, we show that CEP85 and STIL are also required for directional cancer cell migration. Mutational and functional analyses reveal that the interactions between CEP85, STIL and PLK4 are essential for effective directional cell motility. Mechanistically, we show that PLK4 can drive the recruitment of CEP85 and STIL to the leading edge of cells to promote protrusive activity, and that downregulation of CEP85 and STIL leads to a reduction in ARP2 (also known as ACTR2) phosphorylation and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which in turn impairs cell migration. Collectively, our studies provide molecular insight into the important role of the CEP85-STIL complex in modulating PLK4-driven cancer cell migration.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Coiled-coil domains (CCDs) play key roles in regulating both healthy cellular processes and the pathogenesis of various diseases by controlling protein self-association and protein–protein ...interactions. Here, we probe the mechanism of oligomerization of a peptide representing the CCD of the STIL protein, a tetrameric multi-domain protein that is over-expressed in several cancers and associated with metastatic spread. STIL tetramerization is mediated both by an intrinsically disordered domain (STIL400–700) and a structured CCD (STIL CCD718–749). Disrupting STIL oligomerization via the CCD inhibits its activity in vivo. We describe a comprehensive biophysical and structural characterization of the concentration-dependent oligomerization of STIL CCD peptide. We combine analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy to probe the STIL CCD peptide assembly in solution and determine dissociation constants of both the dimerization, (KD = 8 ± 2 µM) and tetramerization (KD = 68 ± 2 µM) of the WT STIL CCD peptide. The higher-order oligomers result in increased thermal stability and cooperativity of association. We suggest that this complex oligomerization mechanism regulates the activated levels of STIL in the cell and during centriole duplication. In addition, we present X-ray crystal structures for the CCD containing destabilising (L736E) and stabilising (Q729L) mutations, which reveal dimeric and tetrameric antiparallel coiled-coil structures, respectively. Overall, this study offers a basis for understanding the structural molecular biology of the STIL protein, and how it might be targeted to discover anti-cancer reagents.
High levels of rumination are a risk factor for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Theoretical models of rumination as well as earlier empirical findings suggest that the dysfunctional ...effects of rumination are due to an abstract processing style, and that a more concrete style of thinking has beneficial effects on mental well-being. The present study therefore examined whether concreteness training prior to watching a trauma film prevents analogue PTSD symptoms in the form of intrusive memories. Healthy participants either received concreteness training or were allocated to a no-intervention control condition, and watched a distressing film three days later. We examined differences in intrusive memories related to the film scenes between conditions, and tested whether concreteness training reduces the link between trait rumination and analogue PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the interacting effect of concreteness training and trait rumination on peri-traumatic processing was investigated. In line with the hypotheses, concreteness training was associated with less frequent intrusive memories and moderated the association between trait rumination and intrusive memories as well as trait rumination and dissociation during the film. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that processing style contributes to the negative impact of rumination on posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, they provide preliminary evidence that concreteness training may be a promising intervention for the prevention of PTSD following trauma.
•The effects of concreteness training on intrusive memories were investigated.•Concreteness training was associated with less frequent intrusive memories.•Trait rumination predicted an increase in both intrusive memories and state dissociation.•Concreteness training moderated these trait rumination effects.•Concreteness training can be a promising preventative intervention for trauma.
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