The ageing process implies several physiological and psychological changes that hence affect the general health, mood states, and quality of life of older persons. Exercise and adequate nutrition are ...renowned non-pharmacological strategies that significantly delay and alleviate the adverse consequences of the ageing process. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation and a multicomponent exercise program (ME) on the physical frailty and mood states of older persons.
35 participants (women and men; 83 ± 3 years old) from residential care homes were submitted to a 40-week exercise-washout-retraining intervention (16 weeks of the elastic band based exercise and/or supplementation, 8 weeks of washout, and 16 weeks of multicomponent exercise and/or resupplementing), with or without BCAA supplementation. The experimental groups were: (i) ME plus BCAA supplementation (ME+BCAA); (ii) ME; (iii) BCAA supplementation (BCAA), and (iv) control group (CG). Fried's phenotype was used to assess frailty prevalence. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Profile of Mood State (POMS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), were used to access mental health and cognition. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to access functional capacity. Salivary testosterone levels (ST) were also determined to access the anabolic effects of the intervention.
Exercise was effective in improving functional capacity and prevented the increase in frailty that occurred in the non-exercising CG, where the frailty scores increased over time (p < 0.01). BCAAs supplement alone had no impact on functional fitness, but in a short time (16 weeks) contributed to diminishing frailty and combined with exercise may have the potential to reduce the effect of a detraining period on functional capacity. Salivary testosterone levels correlated with handgrip strength and could be a useful indicator of susceptibility to frailty. No effects were found for mood states, cognition, and depression.
This study showed that a long-term exercise program, independent of being multicomponent or strength elastic band-based, was effective in improving functional capacity and prevented an increase in frailty in frail and pre-frail older persons living in residential care homes.
•Multifactorial intervention (BCAAs plus exercise) had impact on functional fitness on frail-older women•Multifactorial intervention may have the potential to reduce the effect of a detraining period on functional capacity•Salivary Testosterone levels correlated with hand-grip test after intervention, may be an usefull indicator of frailty
Abstract
Aims
Effective therapy to improve exercise capacity in Fontan patients is lacking. Leg-focused high-weight resistance training might augment the peripheral muscle pump and thereby improve ...exercise capacity.
Methods and results
This randomized semi-cross-over controlled trial investigated the effects of a 12-week leg-focused high-weight resistance training plus high-protein diet, on (sub)maximal exercise capacity, cardiac function (assessed with cardiovascular magnetic resonance), muscle strength, and quality of life in paediatric Fontan patients. Twenty-eight paediatric Fontan patients were included, 27 patients, (median age 12.9 10.5–15.7), and successfully completed the programme. Peak oxygen uptake (PeakVO2) at baseline was reduced 33.3 mL/kg/min (27.1–37.4), 73% (62–79) of predicted. After training PeakVO2/kg and Peak workload improved significantly with +6.2 mL/kg/min (95%CI: 3.4–9.0) (+18%) P < 0.001 and +22 Watts (95%CI: 12–32) (+18%) P < 0.001, respectively, compared to the control period. Indexed single ventricle stroke volume increased significantly 43 mL/beat/m2 (40–49) vs. 46 (41–53), P = 0.014, as did inferior vena cava flow 21 mL/beat/m2 (18–24) vs. 23 (20–28), P = 0.015, while superior vena cava flow remained unchanged. The strength of all measured leg-muscles increased significantly compared to the control period. Self-reported quality of life improved on the physical functioning and change in health domains of the child health questionnaire, parent-reported quality of life improved the bodily pain, general health perception, and change in health domains compared to the control period.
Conclusion
In a relatively large group of 27 older Fontan children, 12-weeks of leg-focused high-weight resistance training improved exercise capacity, stroke volume, (sub)maximal exercise capacity, muscle strength, and domains of quality of life.
Registration
International Clinical Trials: Trial NL8181.
Lay Summary
Is leg-focused high-weight resistance training an effective therapy to improve reduced exercise capacity in patients with a Fontan circulation?
Key Finding: Twelve weeks of leg-focused high-weight resistance training in children with a Fontan circulation improved exercise capacity, single ventricular stroke volume, (sub)maximal exercise capacity, muscle strength, and physical domains of quality of life.
Take-home Message: Leg-focused high-weight resistance training results in improved exercise capacity, cardiac function, and quality of life patients with a Fontan circulation. Patients with a Fontan circulation should be motivated to perform lower limb strengthening exercises.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Purpose
Impaired insulin sensitivity is central in the etiology of type 2 diabetes in people with obesity. The effectiveness of resistance training (RE) alone in improving insulin sensitivity in ...people with obesity is undetermined. This study aimed to determine the influence of obesity on insulin sensitivity responses to RE.
Methods
Nineteen sedentary men were allocated to Lean (BMI 22.7 ± 2.5 kg m
−2
; n = 10) or Obese group (BMI 33.2 ± 3.2 kg m
−2
; n = 9). Participants were evaluated before and after a 10-week supervised progressive RE (3 sets of 10 repetition maximum (RM), 3 d/wk) for insulin sensitivity indexes using an oral glucose tolerance test, body composition using anthropometrics, and strength using 1RM.
Results
Groups were matched at baseline for all variables except for body composition and absolute strength. Body fat was not changed in both groups. Matsuda insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin resistance, and insulin area under the curve improved by 64.3 ± 61.9 unit, − 58.2 ± 102.9 unit, 2.3 ± 4.1 unit, and − 721.6 ± 858.2 µU/ml, respectively, only in the Lean group. The increased 1RM% for leg press was greater in the Lean (49.5 ± 18.7%) than in the Obese (31.5 ± 13.9), but not different for bench press (18.0 ± 9.1% vs. 16.4 ± 6.0%, respectively).
Conclusion
Sustained obesity precludes insulin sensitivity improvements and attenuates strength gains in response to progressive RE. Additional strategies such as caloric restriction might be necessary for RE to improve insulin sensitivity, particularly at high levels of obesity.
Postpartum women are at an increased risk for obesity and metabolic diseases because of excessive weight gain during pregnancy and weight retention after delivery. Maintenance of good nutrition and ...regular physical activity is used as a therapeutic approach for promotion of health and well-being in postpartum women. The aim of this study is to assess the independent and additive effects of isolated soy protein (ISP) and strength exercise training (ET) on weight management, exercise performance and health maintenance in postpartum mice.
Thirty-two postpartum mice (ICR, 14-weeks old) were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): Group 1 mice were the sedentary control with vehicle (SC), Group 2 mice were the sedentary control with ISP supplementation (8.95 g·kg−1, SC + ISP), Group 3 mice received vehicle with exercise training (ET) and Group 4 mice received isolated soy protein with exercise training (ISP + ET). Animals in the ET and ISP + ET groups underwent strength exercise training for 6 weeks, 5 days a week. Exercise performance was evaluated by forelimb grip strength and exhaustive swimming time, as well as by changes in body composition and biochemical parameters at the end of the experiment.
Combined intervention of ISP and ET increased lean muscle mass and prevented body weight and fat elevation. The grip strength and exhaustive swimming time of the ISP + ET group were significantly higher than the other groups. The ISP + ET group showed significantly decreased serum levels of lactate, ammonia and creatinine phosphate kinase (CPK), and increased glucose level after the 15-min swimming test. The serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), triglyceride (TG) and creatinine after sacrifice were significantly decreased in the ET + ISP group. ISP combined with ET promoted fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) as evidenced from the increased utilization of plasma and BAT tissue triglyceride.
We suggest that long-term supplementation with ISP can have a wide spectrum of bioactivities on health promotion, performance improvement and fitness. ISP with ET conferred better energy utilization, improved biochemical profiles and may be an effective ergogenic aid in strength training.
•Strength exercise training combined with ISP supplementation prevents body weight and body fat elevation in postpartum mice•Strength exercise training combined with ISP supplementation increasing BAT metabolism in postpartum mice•Strength exercise training combined with ISP supplementation optimizes physical activity in postpartum mice
We compared the heart rate variability (HRV) after a low-intensity resistance exercise (LI-RE) with short (SSC/LI-RE) and long (LSC/LI-RE) set configurations, composed of 10 and 20 repetitions, ...respectively. Randomly, ten young males performed one session of both RE protocols. Time- and frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV parameters were assessed at baseline and 20–30 and 50–60 min after protocols. Significant reductions in time-domain, frequency-domain and nonlinear HRV parameters were observed at 20–30 min and 50–60 min after LSC/LI-RE compared to baseline. A low-intensity RE with a long set configuration induces an acute vagal withdrawal and loss of heart rate complexity after exercise.
Aging is associated with impaired cognition and memory and increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. Physical exercise is neuroprotective; however, the major evidence of this effect ...involves studies of only aerobic training in young animals. The benefits of other exercise protocols such as strength training in aged animals remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of aerobic and strength training on spatial memory and hippocampal plasticity in aging rats. Aging Wistar rats performed aerobic or strength training for 50 min 3 to 4 days/week for 8 weeks. Spatial memory and neurotrophic and glutamatergic signaling in the hippocampus of aged rats were evaluated after aerobic or strength training. Both aerobic and strength training improved cognition during the performance of a spatial memory task. Remarkably, the improvement in spatial memory was accompanied by an increase in synaptic plasticity proteins within the hippocampus after exercise training, with some differences in the intracellular functions of those proteins between the two exercise protocols. Moreover, neurotrophic signaling (CREB, BDNF, and the P75
NTR
receptor) increased after training for both exercise protocols, and aerobic exercise specifically increased glutamatergic proteins (NMDA receptor and PSD-95). We also observed a decrease in DNA damage after aerobic training. In contrast, strength training increased levels of PKCα and the proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Overall, our results show that both aerobic and strength training improved spatial memory in aging rats through inducing distinct molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity. Our findings extend the idea that exercise protocols can be used to improve cognition during aging.
The role of exercise in brain DNA damage Vilela, Thais; de Andrade, Vanessa; Radak, Zsolt ...
Neural Regeneration Research/Neural regeneration research,
11/2020, Letnik:
15, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Cells are constantly subjected to cytotoxic and genotoxic insults resulting in the accumulation of unrepaired damaged DNA, which leads to neuronal death. In this way, DNA damage has been implicated ...in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Lifestyle factors, such as physical exercise, are neuroprotective and increase brain function by improving cognition, learning, and memory, in addition to regulating the cellular redox milieu. Several mechanisms are associated with the effects of exercise in the brain, such as reduced production of oxidants, up-regulation of antioxidant capacity, and a consequent decrease in nuclear DNA damage. Furthermore, physical exercise is a potential strategy for further DNA damage repair. However, the neuroplasticity molecules that respond to different aspects of physical exercise remain unknown. In this review, we discuss the influence of exercise on DNA damage and adjacent mechanisms in the brain. We discuss the results of several studies that focus on the effects of physical exercise on brain DNA damage.
Impairments in several domains of cognitive functions are observed in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), often accompanied by low Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. ...Although aerobic and resistance exercise enhances cognitive functions and raises BDNF concentrations in several populations, it remained uncertain in T2DM subjects. This study compared the effects of a single bout of aerobic (AER, 40 min of treadmill walk at 90–95% of the maximum walk speed) or resistance (RES, 3 × 10 repetitions in eight exercises at 70% of 10-RM) exercise on specific cognitive domain performance and plasma BDNF concentrations of physically active T2DM subjects. Eleven T2DM subjects (9 women/2 men; 63 ± 7 years) performed two counterbalanced trials on non-consecutive days. Stroop Color and Word (SCW) task assessing the attention (congruent condition) and inhibitory control (incongruent condition), Visual response time (assessing the response time), and blood collection (for plasma BDNF concentrations) were performed pre and post-exercise sessions. With distinct magnitude, both AER and RES improved the incongruent-SCW (
d
= − 0.26 vs. − 0.43 in AER and RES, respectively;
p
< 0.05), RT
(best)
(
d
= − 0.31 vs. − 0.52,
p
< 0.05), and RT
(1–5)
(
d
= − 0.64 vs
.
− 0.21,
p
< 0.05). The congruent-SCW and RT
(6–10)
were not statistically different. Plasma BDNF concentrations were elevated 11% in AER (
d
= 0.30) but decreased by 15% in RES (
d
= − 0.43). A single session of aerobic or resistance exercise similarly improved the inhibitory control and response time of physically active T2DM subjects. Nevertheless, aerobic and resistance exercise sessions induced an opposite clinical effect in plasma BDNF concentrations.
•Corticomotor responses to a single bout of strength exercise vary between younger and older adults.•Following a single bout of strength exercise, older adults exhibit a prolonged reduction in neural ...drive.•There was no effect of a single bout of strength exercise on intracortical facilitation or inhibition.
Evidence shows corticomotor plasticity diminishes with age. Nevertheless, whether strength-training, a proven intervention that induces corticomotor plasticity in younger adults, also takes effect in older adults, remains untested. This study examined the effect of a single-session of strength-exercise on corticomotor plasticity in older and younger adults. Thirteen older adults (72.3 ± 6.5 years) and eleven younger adults (29.9 ± 6.9 years), novice to strength-exercise, participated. Strength-exercise involved four sets of 6–8 repetitions of a dumbbell biceps curl at 70–75% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Muscle strength, cortical, corticomotor and spinal excitability, before and up to 60-minutes after the strength-exercise session were assessed. We observed significant changes over time (p < 0.05) and an interaction between time and age group (p < 0.05) indicating a decrease in corticomotor excitability (18% p < 0.05) for older adults at 30- and 60-minutes post strength-exercise and an increase (26% and 40%, all p < 0.05) in younger adults at the same time points. Voluntary activation (VA) declined in older adults immediately post and 60-minutes post strength-exercise (36% and 25%, all p < 0.05). Exercise had no effect on the cortical silent period (cSP) in older adults however, in young adults cSP durations were shorter at both 30- and 60- minute time points (17% 30-minute post and 9% 60-minute post, p < 0.05). There were no differences in short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) or intracortical facilitation (ICF) between groups. Although the corticomotor responses to strength-exercise were different within groups, overall, the neural responses seem to be independent of age.
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Conrado de Freitas, M, Rossi, FE, Colognesi, LA, de Oliveira, JVNS, Zanchi, NE, Lira, FS, Cholewa, JM, and Gobbo, LA. Postactivation potentiation improves acute resistance exercise performance and ...muscular force in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1357-1363, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of heavy back squat (90% one repetition maximum 1RM) postactivation potentiation (PAP) on acute resistance exercise performance and force production in recreationally trained men, and to verify the relationship between maximal strength and the PAP response. Ten resistance-trained men randomly completed 4 experimental trials: (a) back squats without PAP (No-PAP), (b) back squats with PAP, (c) maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the quadriceps without PAP, and (d) MVIC with PAP. Back squats were performed with 4 sets at 70% of 1 RM with 2 minutes of rest interval. The number of squats repetitions performed was recorded for each set, and a total number of repetitions were calculated to analyze performance. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction was measured using electronic dynamometer, and the peak force and mean force were recorded. Blood lactate concentration was analyzed presquat and postsquat exercise. Repetitions performed in the first set was significantly (p < 0.001) greater in the PAP condition (22.00 ± 5.14) compared with No-PAP (15.50 ± 5.10), which resulted in significantly (p = 0.001) more total repetitions performed in the PAP (56.20 ± 17.3) condition compared with No-PAP (48.80 ± 14.5). Maximum voluntary isometric contraction peak was higher in PAP than in No-PAP (PAP = 765.7 ± 147.8 vs. No-PAP = 696.8 ± 131.5 N, p = 0.006). No significant correlations were observed between back squat 1RM relative to body mass and the PAP response in squat and MVIC. There were no significant differences in lactate concentration between conditions. In conclusion, PAP resulting from a heavy load prior back squat exercise improved total volume during resistance exercise. In addition, PAP was effective to increase force production during MVIC, but there was no relationship between relative 1RM values and the PAP response in trained men.
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