This study seeks to reconcile inconsistent findings on the performance consequences of new CEO origin. Drawing on five decades of empirical research on CEO succession outcomes, I develop a more ...refined theoretical conceptualization and a finer-grained measurement of the underlying construct of the insider vs. outsider CEO, and build and test a more comprehensive and nuanced framework of the succession context. A longitudinal investigation of the U.S. airline and chemical industries (1972-2002) indicates that new CEO 'outsiderness,' conceptualized as a continuum raging from new CEOs who have a greater combination of firm and industry tenure to those who have no experience in the firm and the industry, has no main effect on post-succession firm performance. However, significant moderating effects are found when environmental munificence, pre-succession firm performance, and concomitant strategic and senior executive team changes are considered. Together, these findings highlight the need to consider both pre- and post-succession contextual factors for evaluating the performance effects of new CEO outsiderness.
Extended Abstract Abstract The purpose of this study was investigating the factors affecting succession management in public organizations using meta-analysis. The statistical population includes ...valid papers in reputable domestic and international databases regarding factors affecting succession management. The collected data were analyzed by CMA2 software. Finally, the results of the study led to the identification of 41 effective factors out from 53 factors studied in the study of succession in organizations. By recognizing these factors, the necessary grounds for purposeful decision making and implementation of appropriate strategies in order to use talented and competent forces are facilitated.IntroductionSuccessful succession management can be effective in retaining staff, preparing high-capacity staff for key positions, and placing key individuals in vacant key positions (Barzegar, Roshan, Bijan, Shahriari & Yaghoubi, 2021). Employee retention is the key to organizational success and market development and leadership (Rowshan, Barzegar & Yaghoubi, 2020). Succession planning has a positive effect on employee engagement and employee performance (Barzegar, Roshan & Yaghoubi, 2020). To date, many studies have been conducted to identify the factors affecting succession management, each of which has yielded different results. However, this paper apply meta-analysis to integrate and validate the wide-ranging results of papers in this topic.Case studyThe statistical population of the study was scientific research articles published in the years 2010 to 2020. In this regard, relevant keywords were used that resulted in 95 national and international articles, of which 27 papers were selected for analysis.Material and methodsData analysis was performed using CMA2 software, and effect size of factors were calculated. Moreover, funnel diagram method was used to measure the diffusion bias and N heterogeneity test was used for the presence of moderating variables.The sampling method is objective, so the studies that had the below criteria were selected as the research sample, which included as follow:The research was conducted quantitatively (this condition eliminated 14 studies)Succession management should have an important role in the paper (This condition deleted 23 studies)The exact number of research statistics should be specified (this condition eliminated 16 researches)The regression coefficient or coefficient of influence of factors on the composition of succession management be precisely introduced (this condition caused the elimination of 15 studies)Discussion and Results The analysis led to the identification of 41 effective factors out from the 53 factors investigated in the study of succession management in organizations. To enhance the effectiveness of succession planning in organizations, the factors that have the greatest effect size should be considered. The most important factors based on effect size are respectively as follow: change management and process management (2.334), preparation and planning (2.174), career path management (1.791), intergenerational succession intention (1.088), managerial competence (1.076), justice (1.073), rational decision making style (1.051) and motivational factor (1.032), Comprehensiveness (0.976), avoidant decision-making style (0.894), psychosocial factors (0.879), foresight (0.828), instant decision-making style (0.814), flexibility (0.803), supervisor support (0.757), context (0.716), religious beliefs (0.679), structural barriers (0.604), individual abilities and skills (0.517), strategic alignment and needs analysis ((0.505).ConclusionDue to the abundance of research in this topic with scattered research methodologies and the lack of a comprehensive pattern for organizations, we applied meta-analysis method to integrate previous paper results. This means the results can be generalized to most organizations either public or private which is one of the most important achievements of this research. Moreover, by measuring and comparing effect size of previous researches, the most important factors affecting the succession management have been identified.All organizations or researchers that want to conduct research in this topic or intend to use the succession management in a satisfactory way can use the mentioned factors in this paper, especially the factors with greater effect size.
More than a decade ago, the Driver (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal partners drive plant communities) and Passenger (AMF community dynamics follows changes in the host plant community) hypotheses were ...suggested to explain the mutual relationships of plant and AMF communities. We propose one more hypothesis: the Habitat hypothesis, which postulates that both plant and AMF communities follow changes in abiotic conditions. The null hypothesis for all three working hypotheses can be called the Independence hypothesis, which proposes that plant and AMF communities are unrelated. We investigate the assumptions of these hypotheses and the available evidence in support of them. We suggest that community dynamics during secondary succession, including those related to land‐use changes, may be explained by the Driver hypothesis, while the dynamics of plant and AMF communities during primary succession may be explained by the Passenger hypothesis. Within‐region co‐variation of successionally stable plant and AMF communities may be explained by the Habitat hypothesis, while the Independence hypothesis may explain global patterns of plant and AMF communities. These suggestions are tentative, and more evidence from both descriptive and experimental studies is required to assess them. In particular, comparative information is needed about dispersal limitation of plant and AMF communities in dynamic landscapes.
Fathers of Conscience examines high-court decisions in the antebellum South that involved wills in which white male planters bequeathed property, freedom, or both to women of color and their ...mixed-race children. These men, whose wills were contested by their white relatives, had used trusts and estates law to give their slave partners and children official recognition and thus circumvent the law of slavery. The will contests that followed determined whether that elevated status would be approved or denied by courts of law. Bernie D. Jones argues that these will contests indicated a struggle within the elite over race, gender, and class issues--over questions of social mores and who was truly family. Judges thus acted as umpires after a man's death, deciding whether to permit his attempts to provide for his slave partner and family. Her analysis of these differing judicial opinions on inheritance rights for slave partners makes an important contribution to the literature on the law of slavery in the United States.
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•Microbial succession drove metabolic succession.•Initial microbiota significantly affected the metabolic composition and diversity.•Initial microbiota with larger succession distance ...performed better in metabolism.•Developing a succession distance-guided approach to select the initial microbiota.
The initial microbial community is critical for the production of volatile metabolites during traditional food fermentations. Selection of the initial community plays an important role in improving the quality of fermented foods. Here, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing combined with multivariate statistical methods to explore the microbial succession in stacking and alcoholic fermentation stages in sesame flavor-type baijiu making. We proposed a selection strategy for the initial microbial community in the alcoholic fermentation stage, which determined the quality of baijiu. Results suggested that the microbial composition statistically differed between stacking and alcoholic fermentation stages (ANOSIM, Bacteria: R = 0.60, P = 0.001; Fungi: R = 0.53, P = 0.001). Microbial succession drove metabolic succession (Bacteria: r = 0.87, P < 0.05; Fungi: r = 0.56, P < 0.05) in alcoholic fermentation. The fermentation time of stacking fermentation determined the initial community for alcoholic fermentation, and it can be used as a criterion for selection of the initial microbial community for alcoholic fermentation. The succession distance of the microbial community was varied and reached the highest (Bacteria: 0.048, Fungi: 0.064) at 30 h in stacking fermentation. When we selected 30 h as stacking fermentation time, the concentration (4.58 mg/kg) and diversity (0.61) of volatile metabolites were highest at the end of alcoholic fermentation. This work developed a succession distance-guided approach to select the initial microbial community for the alcoholic fermentation of sesame flavor-type baijiu. This approach can be used to improve the quality of baijiu.
Climate change is expected to cause geographic shifts in tree species' ranges, but such shifts may not keep pace with climate changes because seed dispersal distances are often limited and ...competition‐induced changes in community composition can be relatively slow. Disturbances may speed changes in community composition, but the interactions among climate change, disturbance and competitive interactions to produce range shifts are poorly understood. We used a physiologically based mechanistic landscape model to study these interactions in the northeastern United States. We designed a series of disturbance scenarios to represent varied disturbance regimes in terms of both disturbance extent and intensity. We simulated forest succession by incorporating climate change under a high‐emissions future, disturbances, seed dispersal, and competition using the landscape model parameterized with forest inventory data. Tree species range boundary shifts in the next century were quantified as the change in the location of the 5th (the trailing edge) and 95th (the leading edge) percentiles of the spatial distribution of simulated species. Simulated tree species range boundary shifts in New England over the next century were far below (usually <20 km) that required to track the velocity of temperature change (usually more than 110 km over 100 years) under a high‐emissions scenario. Simulated species` ranges shifted northward at both the leading edge (northern boundary) and trailing edge (southern boundary). Disturbances may expedite species' recruitment into new sites, but they had little effect on the velocity of simulated range boundary shifts. Range shifts at the trailing edge tended to be associated with photosynthetic capacity, competitive ability for light and seed dispersal ability, whereas shifts at the leading edge were associated only with photosynthetic capacity and competition for light. This study underscores the importance of understanding the role of interspecific competition and disturbance when studying tree range shifts.
Climate change is expected to cause geographic shifts in tree species' ranges, but such shifts may not keep pace with climate changes because seed dispersal distances are often limited and competition‐induced changes in community composition can be relatively slow. Disturbances may speed changes in community composition, but the interactions among climate change, disturbance and competitive outcomes to produce range shifts are poorly understood. We used a mechanistic landscape model to study these interactions in the northeastern United States. We found that disturbances may expedite species' recruitment into sites, but they had little effect on the velocity of simulated range boundary shifts. Species' ranges shifted northward at both the leading and trailing edges, but far slower (<20 km/100 years) than required to track the velocity of isotherm shifts (∼110 km/100 years).
The aging farming population has a significant influence on production agriculture, succession planning, successors, and farmland usage. Given recent trends in urban migration and increased ...opportunities for off-farm work, aging farmers increasingly face problems with farmland succession and usage in China. This study investigates the usage of farmland in the absence of a farm successor. Using multinomial logit regression model and data from rural households, we find that aging farmers without successors tend to have options for farmland usage. Specifically, the presence of a grain subsidy increases the likelihood of keeping the farmland in agriculture—albeit by hiring labor or leasing out farmland and decreases the likelihood of pooling farmland into farming cooperatives as shareholders. Off-farm work decreases the likelihood of using hired labor and leasing out farmland. Rich rural households are less likely to keep farmland idle. Large farm operators are more likely to lease out farmland. Finally, rural people with pension plans are more likely to pool their land in land cooperatives — a less-risky option.
1. Chronosequences and associated space-for-time substitutions are an important and often necessary tool for studying temporal dynamics of plant communities and soil development across multiple ...time-scales. However, they are often used inappropriately, leading to false conclusions about ecological patterns and processes, which has prompted recent strong criticism of the approach. Here, we evaluate when chronosequences may or may not be appropriate for studying community and ecosystem development. 2. Chronosequences are appropriate to study plant succession at decadal to millennial time-scales when there is evidence that sites of different ages are following the same trajectory. They can also be reliably used to study aspects of soil development that occur between temporally linked sites over time-scales of centuries to millennia, sometimes independently of their application to shorter-term plant and soil biological communities. 3. Some characteristics of changing plant and soil biological communities (e. g. species richness, plant cover, vegetation structure, soil organic matter accumulation) are more likely to be related in a predictable and temporally linear manner than are other characteristics (e. g. species composition and abundance) and are therefore more reliably studied using a chronosequence approach. 4. Chronosequences are most appropriate for studying communities that are following convergent successional trajectories and have low biodiversity, rapid species turnover and low frequency and severity of disturbance. Chronosequences are least suitable for studying successional trajectories that are divergent, species-rich, highly disturbed or arrested in time because then there are often major difficulties in determining temporal linkages between stages. 5. Synthesis. We conclude that, when successional trajectories exceed the life span of investigators and the experimental and observational studies that they perform, temporal change can be successfully explored through the judicious use of chronosequences.
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