The paper presents an overview of the current situation in personal income tax non-standard reliefs for the EU-15, most of the EU-12, Croatia and countries of the region, as well as a comparison of ...them for 2006-2011. A review of personal income tax relief issues in last twenty years is given, especially concerning the reaction of the entire personal income tax system to the economic and financial crises. It is followed by comparative analysis of non-standard tax reliefs in the stated period. Despite the mostly negative attitude of tax theory (and policy), economic crisis and fiscal consolidation, they still play very significant role. The EU-15 actually broadened these reliefs in the period observed, while the analyzed EU-12, Croatia and countries of the region with less developed non-standard tax reliefs have reduced them significantly. Many of these countries, accordingly, have none today. Since the introduction of the new personal income tax system in 1994 Croatia has gone a long way, from their complete exclusion to the inclusion of almost all of them and in the end the exclusion of almost all of them.
Budući da društveno - odgovorno poslovanje ima sve veći značaj u današnjem poslovanju organizacija (Kotler, P. i Lee, N., 2011) postavlja se pitanje na koji način navedeni koncept utječe na eksterne ...i interne dionike profitno orijentiranih organizacija. Republika Hrvatska implementirala je strateške i zakonske dokumente koje služe kao smjernice pri primjeni društveno-odgovornog poslovanja u praksi. Analizom Zakona o porezu na dobit, Zakona o porezu na dodanu vrijednost i poreznom regulacijom donacijom hrane prikazat će se stanje postojećega hrvatskoga zakonodavstva u području društveno - odgovornog poslovanja profitno orijentiranih organizacija. Cilj ovoga rada prikazati je zakonske regulative u ostvarenju poreznih olakšica u kontekstu darivanja i donacija pravnih osoba u općekorisne svrhe neprofitnim organizacijama civilnih društava.
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Autorica u ovom prilogu analizira podatke Ankete o radnoj snazi u Hrvatskoj 1997. godine, a posebno one koji se odnose na obitelji s djecom do 15 godina. Ona zaključuje da u Hrvatskoj prevladavaju ...obitelji s jednim ili dvoje djece, dok su sve rjeđe obitelji s većim brojem djece. Smanjeni broj djece u obiteljima ona objašnjava gospodarskim teškoćama u kojima se zemlja nalazi, što djecu za mnoge obitelji čini skupim resursom. U pogledu mjera demografske politike autorica predlaže poreske olakšice za jačanje materijalnog položaja mladih parova, pogodnosti obiteljima s jednim ili dvoje djece s ciljem da se odluče za drugo i treće dijete te posebnu brigu o obiteljima s više djece kojima treba veća državna potpora.
Background: The article evaluates the influence of the type of nominal personal income tax rate on its progressivity. This is examined in the Czech Republic in the period 1993–2020. Between 1993 and ...2007, the nominal tax rate was progressive, while from 2008 until the end of 2020, the nominal rate was linear. Objectives: The paper aims to analyse if the type of nominal tax rate affects personal income tax progressivity. Methods/Approach: The article uses analysis, synthesis, comparison and regression analysis methods. The progressiveness of the tax obligation indicator is used to evaluate the degree of tax progressivity. Results: In the context of the analysis of the degree of tax progressivity, personal income tax is more progressive in the period of validity of the nominal linear rate for taxpayers with incomes below the average wage level. Conclusions: Since the linear rate has been in force, the government in the Czech Republic has often mistakenly presented that tax rate innovations will ensure that everyone pays the same tax.
Based on a sample of venture capital (VC)-backed IPO firms, we examine whether tolerance for failure spurs corporate innovation. We develop a novel measure of VC investors' failure tolerance by ...examining their willingness to continue investing in underperforming ventures. We find that IPO firms backed by more failure-tolerant VC investors are significantly more innovative and VC failure tolerance is particularly important for ventures that are subject to high failure risk. We show that these results are not driven by endogenous matching between failure-tolerant VC firms and start-ups with high ex ante innovative potential. We also examine the determinants of the cross-sectional heterogeneity in a VC firm's failure tolerance. We find that both capital constraints and career concerns can negatively distort a VC firm's failure tolerance. Less experienced VC firms are more exposed to these distortions, making them less failure tolerant than are more established VC firms.
This paper investigates the different effects of political connections on the firm performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and privately owned enterprises. Using data on Chinese listed firms ...from 1999 to 2007, we find that private firms with politically connected managers outperform those without such managers, whereas local SOEs with connected managers underperform those without such managers. Moreover, we find that private firms with politically connected managers enjoy tax benefits, whereas local SOEs with politically connected managers are prone to more severe over-investment problems. Our study reconciles the mixed findings of previous studies on the effect of political connections on firm performance.
The 2000–2005 housing market boom in the U.S. has caused sharp increases in residential property taxes. Housing-rich but income-poor elderly homeowners often complain about rising tax burdens, and ...anecdotal evidence suggests that some move to reduce their tax burden. There has been little systematic analysis, however, of the link between property tax levels and the mobility rate of elderly homeowners. This paper investigates this link using household-level panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and a newly collected data set on state-provided property tax relief programs. These relief programs generate variation in effective property tax burdens that is not due solely to arguably endogenous local community choices about taxes and expenditure programs. The findings provide evidence suggesting that higher property taxes raise mobility among elderly homeowners. The point estimates from instrumental variable estimation using relief programs to generate instruments suggest that a $100 increase in annual property taxes is associated with a 0.73 percentage point increase in the 2-year mobility rate for homeowners over the age of 50. This is an 8 percent increase from the baseline 2-year mobility rate of 9 percent. These results are robust to alternative specifications.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this article is to review the current mechanisms of supporting the purchase of electric cars, with particular emphasis on tax reliefs and exemptions. Materials ...and methods: The research method consists of a review of literature, legal regulations and industry reports regarding the presented subject. Results: The authors analyzed the global electric car market, presenting the examples of the countries in which the share of electric vehicles has recently increased significantly in the total number of cars. In addition, current discounts and other preferences for the purchase of electric cars in European countries are presented together with future potential mechanism for buyers of electric in Poland. Conclusions: The price is the main economic determinate for buying the particular type of a car. The costs of acquiring and operating an electric car are currently higher than the costs for traditional combustion vehicles. However, the EU and European states’ authorities are processing to increase the popularity of electric cars, offering tax reliefs and other preferences with noticeably effects.
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