El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que es posible monetizar el valor social que genera un hospital y que con su análisis podemos establecer una perspectiva diferente para analizar la eficiencia ...del gasto público.
Utilizando el método del caso se ha seleccionado un hospital público en España. Es idóneo por dos razones: primero, porque su actividad es pequeña y esto facilita el diálogo con los stakeholders; y segundo, como es un hospital de carácter residencial, permite realizar una experiencia de aproximación de la contabilidad social en hospitales sencilla, modificable y que es posible testar.
Se establece la traducción monetaria de la actividad de un hospital, incluyendo la parte social de las transacciones económicas (mercado), las variables que no han supuesto transacción económica, pero han sido percibidas y valoradas por los stakeholders (no mercado), y la satisfacción de los stakeholders (emocional). Este valor socioemocional asciende a aproximadamente 60 millones de euros anuales para el periodo de 2013 a 2017.
El valor social generado para los stakeholders, y su monetización, permiten gestionar de forma más eficiente las decisiones hacia el propósito social de los hospitales públicos. En concreto, el índice de valor social añadido puede ser una herramienta para la eficiencia social del hospital, ya que se establece cuánto valor social genera a partir de la financiación pública que le han asignado. Así, la disminución de este valor en los últimos años denota un problema que, sin este análisis con perspectiva social y desde los stakeholders, no podría haberse detectado.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to monetize the social value generated by a hospital and use it to establish a different perspective to analyze the efficiency of public spending.
A public hospital in Spain was selected using the case method. It is suitable for two reasons; first, the hospital activity is small and therefore dialogue with stakeholders is easy; and second, as it is a hospital of a residential nature, it allows an easy, modifiable and testable approximation of social accounting in hospitals.
It establishes the monetary translation of the activity of a hospital, including the social part of the economic transactions (market), the variables that have not been created based on economic transaction, but have been perceived and valued by the stakeholders (not market), and the satisfaction of the stakeholders (emotional). This socio-emotional value amounts to approximately 60 million Euros per year from 2013 to 2017.
The social value generated for the stakeholders, and its monetization, allows more efficient management of decisions towards the social purpose of public hospitals. In particular, the social value added index can be a tool for the social-efficiency of hospitals, as it establishes how much social value it generates from the public funding allocated to it. Thus, the decline in this value in recent years denotes a problem that, without this analysis with a social perspective and from the stakeholders, could not have been detected.
Conflicts within the Norwegian construction industry have reached unacceptable levels. The grievance of these disputes, whether it is the number of conflicts or the expense involved in these ...conflicts, is under discussion. This article examines the reasons for these conflicts in a comprehensive and inclusive manner. Twenty-five respondents with expertise and understanding of most conflicts in the Norwegian construction industry were interviewed. Results from a questionnaire sent to 1799 contractors have also been included in this study. Sixteen reasons for disputes were identified out of which four comprised the root causes. Tender specification and contract understanding came in first followed by “final settlement-payment related”, corroborating previous findings. The third and fourth root causes of conflicts were “low priced contracts” and “changes in projects” respectively. Our findings point to design deficiencies and defective contract plans as significant causes of conflicts, confirming the view of construction experts. The third root cause of conflicts might explicate some aspects of the first and second major causes of disputes. It is also important to mention that though this is the general view, one can also see how every group involved in this study interpret major causes of conflicts. Our findings also point to “communication between clients and contractor”, “carried out quantities” and “client restriction to time extension” as among the chief causes of conflicts, confirming the view of construction experts. Client understanding of contractors’ anxiety and quest for sound contracting process are aspects that Norwegian clients are currently engaging in, for the sake of conflict reduction and prevention in future construction projects.
•Andalusia is using regional tenders to procure off-patent, outpatient prescription medicines.•These tenders procure off patent medicines dispensed in primary care pharmacies.•A national type-tender ...could generate higher savings than the reference price system.•These tenders are putting the national reference pricing system under economic scrutiny.•A national type-tender would need a well thought out regulatory design.
Spain has a reference price system (RPS) for off-patent medicines since 1997. In addition, from 2012, Andalusia is running a series of tenders for procuring off-patent medicines dispensed by community pharmacies, for those medicines included in the system of homogenous clusters within the national reference price system. Such tenders offer additional savings to the regional payer – in the form of rebates (“economic improvements”) from companies winning the tender. This paper estimates that the regional savings were between €43 M to €54 M over the period of study (April – September 2015). The paper also estimates that Spain could have made between 14 and 17 times higher savings than the national reference pricing system savings, had the Andalusian-type tender been implemented at national level over the same period of study. Based on our analysis, we have four remarks. First, the national RPS in Spain is not generating enough price competition for off-patent products dispensed in primary care pharmacies. Second, tenders can be a useful way to generate competition and financial savings in the off-patent market. Third, tenders can lead to discounts offered by medicine providers being redistributed from pharmacies to payers. And fourth, before implementing a national tender in Spain, several key issues need to be addressed to ensure it provides the right incentives both in the short and long run.
Public procurement processes related to tenders represent one of the most important financing strategies for companies in diverse sectors, as they present the opportunity to offer services, supplies ...and product sales to state entities. Given the high volume of public tenders in the Colombian Government SECOP II database, manually identifying tenders of interest can be a cumbersome and time-consuming process. In this work, we propose automating the identification of interesting tenders by training a supervised classification model. We manually label a sample of tenders published in the National Government open data platform, according to whether or not they are of interest to the Minuto de Dios University, and use them for model training. Several models are evaluated in order to select the best model for deployment, taking into account various metrics to determine best performance according to business needs. The best model is selected based on different analyses, comparing the application of data balancing techniques, the performance of the proposed models, and hyper-parameter settings measured against the test data.
The aim of the article is to study theoretical, methodological, and doctrinal approaches to public procurement of medicines and on this basis to determine ways to improve domestic legislation in this ...sphere. The subject of the study is public procurement of medicines. Methodology. The study is based on general scientific and special-scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The historical and legal method enabled to determine the preconditions for public procurement of medicines as a fundamental element of state financial guarantees for the pharmaceutical sphere in Ukraine and in the world, as well as the development of scientific and theoretical views on the nature, problems, and methods of public procurement of medications. The comparative legal method enabled to compare doctrinal approaches to public procurement of medicinal products. The systemstructural method contributed to the consideration of public procurement of medications as a fundamental institutional and functional element of state financial guarantees for the pharmaceutical sector. The methods of grouping and classifying were the basis for the author’s approach to public procurement of medicines for the most important and practically significant criteria. The technical legal method enabled to interrogate the state of affairs in the statutory and legal regulation of the national system of public procurement of medications, to identify its disadvantages, gaps, contradictions and miscalculations, as well as to develop recommendations aimed at their elimination. The results of the study revealed that public procurement of medicines should be considered as an activity of a public administration or specialized agencies authorized by it, aimed at purchasing medicinal products by the procurer funded from taxpayer’s money and preserving the health of citizens via a transparent control by the state (via the Prozoro system). Practical implications. In the study: first, the key aspects of the genesis of public procurement of medicines are outlined; second, scientific approaches to their characteristics, available in the special literature, are analysed and compared; third, the author’s original perspective concerning legislative regulation and consolidation in the current legal regulations is substantiated. Relevance/originality. The original author’s approach to the doctrinal principles of public procurement of medications is the basis for developing the most promising areas of improvement of domestic legislation in this sphere.
The aim of this paper is to propose solutions to reduce the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australia. Some of the many factors that contribute to medicine shortages, such as ...manufacturers' production processes and business decisions, are outside the control of Australian stakeholders. But there are many factors that are within the control of stakeholders, including poor communication between stakeholders, incomplete and inaccurate information, unhelpful practices and attitudes of hospital tender authorities, and lack of certainty and incentives for manufacturers in relation to pharmaceutical tenders. The following strategies are designed to address these issues and achieve a significant reduction in the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australian hospitals. They include improving communication and understanding between stakeholders, providing higher quality information on likely usage, changing practices of hospital tender authorities to better meet stakeholder requirements, and increasing incentives for manufacturers to participate in hospital tenders. The six key actions to implement the medicine shortage-reducing strategies are: (1) initiate a biannual forum for hospitals and industry; (2) establish a medicines substitutes information service operating nationally; (3) share information on likely changes to hospital usage; (4) reform stock allocation strategies; (5) introduce incentives for manufacturers; and (6) change hospital tender authority practices and policies. The first step to reduce medicine shortages is for stakeholders to think differently about the problem, and to act more collaboratively using the proposed strategies and actions, as a framework for change.
The Authors attemp to evaluate the Agricultural Property Agency’s (APA) operations to date regarding the implementation of its statutory tasks, disposal of agricultural real estate and the ...implementation of tasks related with the formation of the agricultural system. From the very beginning of APA’s operation, 3.3 million hectares of land have been permanently allocated, of which 2.7 million hectares through sales, which was the predominant form of the real estate transfer. The infrastructure of the former state-owned farms taken over by the Agency was also subject to privatization. At present, after the legislative amendments (the Act of 2016) long-term lease is the leading form of agricultural land disposal, which enables the land cultivation without engaging funds. Recently, the trend of reducing the area granted for lease has been stopped by leasing available land and limiting the sales of land, the area of which exceeds 2 ha. The following analysis was based on the data included in the APA reports, internal studies and available literature. The results presented prove the Agency’s huge involvement in the process of privatisation of agricultural property. They are also a reflection of other processes which involve stateowned real estate and the private market.
"Mercado Público" is a Chilean electronic platform used for purchasing processes by Chilean public organizations for the last two decades. The main aim of this study is to characterize the Chilean ...public procurement ecosystem by using social network analysis to detect the main communities of suppliers based on who awarded the tenders. To do this, we use a methodology that first represents the bidder-supplier relationship as a bipartite graph using purchase order information. Then we project the bipartite graph onto a monopartite graph of suppliers. We end by detecting the main supplier communities using a modularity algorithm. When we applied this methodology to the large tender segment in the Chilean public procurement market over a period of four years, we successfully detected the five largest communities and the micro and small companies which had the greatest rate of participation over time.
In the face of a shrinking budget for environmental activities, conservation agencies must design and implement agri-environmental policies that cost-effectively meet the environmental objectives. ...However, designing such programs is often challenging due to different uncertainties. For example, landholders may be exposed to risks when carrying out conservation projects. To minimise the negative impact of unexpected losses, landholders may require
additional
financial incentives as compensation for undertaking “risky” conservation projects. In such situations, the conservation agency risks over-spending public funds because of prohibitively high opportunity costs from landholders or failing to meet the environmental target. We used analytical and simulation approaches to explore optimal budget allocation in a target-constrained conservation tender. We also compared the performance of the tender with and without own-cost uncertainty. Results showed that as landholders’ own-cost uncertainty rises, the conservation agency is forced to allocate more funding to secure the same level of the environmental target. We found that the optimal funding level is sensitive to landholders’ competition uncertainty and the magnitude of expected losses.
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