Abstract
Digital thermometer, a developed product from the mercury based aged Clinical thermometer is an apparent device used to sensitize the body temperature with six different latest types of ...innovation. These are used not only to detect body temperatures of human but also used in animal medicines and industries to check the boiling points. As the world is inching towards alien era, the infusing these thermometers with mobile apps and clouding the data is not a wonder. Understanding the raise of influenzas across the globe triggered biomedical companies to win early global demands and record their presence in global markets. India is also a great player in international demand and supply of biomedical instruments and devices. Government of India, assigned Indian Trade Clarification Harmonized System for digital thermometer. The 8-digit Code allotted is 90251910. This article focuses on the different types of digital thermometer, its utilities and the Indian trade analysis with select countries data.
Temperature sensors play a significant role in biology, chemistry, and engineering, especially those that can work accurately in a noninvasive manner. We adopted a photoinduced post‐synthetic ...copolymerization strategy to realize a membranous ratiometric luminescent thermometer based on the emissions of two lanthanide ions. This novel mixed‐lanthanide polyMOF membrane exhibits not only the integrity and temperature sensing behaviour of the Ln‐MOF powder but also excellent mechanical properties, such as flexibility, elasticity, and processability. Moreover, the polyMOF membrane shows remarkable stability under harsh conditions, including high humidity, strong acid and alkali (pH 0–14), which allowed the mapping of temperature distributions in extreme circumstances. This work highlights a simple strategy for polyMOF membrane formation and pushes forward the further practical application of Ln‐MOF‐based luminescent thermometers in various fields and conditions.
A polyMOF membranous luminescent thermometer is realized through the copolymerization of mixed‐lanthanide MOF with butyl methacrylate monomers. The membrane material not only exhibits ratiometric temperature sensing behavior in a flexible form but also shows remarkable stability under harsh conditions, making it a promising candidate for commercial applications.
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of crystalline porous materials, are proposed as a new type of support for grafting lanthanide ions (Ln3+) and employing these hybrid materials ...as ratiometric luminescent thermometers. A TpBpy‐COF—prepared from 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐diamine (Bpy) grafted with Eu/Tb and Dy acetylacetone (acac) complexes can be successfully used as a luminescent thermometer in the 10–360 K (Eu) and 280–440 K (Tb) ranges with good sensing properties (thermal sensitivity up to 1.403 % K−1, temperature uncertainty δT<1 K above 110 K). For the Eu/Tb systems, we observe an unusual and rarely reported behavior, that is, no thermal quenching of the Tb3+ emission, a result of the absence of ion‐to‐ligand/host energy back‐transfer. The LnCOF materials proposed here could be a new class of materials employed for temperature‐sensing applications following up on the well‐known luminescent metal–organic framework thermometers.
A hot candidate: Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are reported to be an excellent support for the grafting of lanthanide ions/complexes and allow the development of novel types of luminescent thermometers. A unique behavior, that is, no thermal quenching of the Tb3+ emission, is observed in these LnCOF materials.
This study was conducted to compare the accuracy of two noninvasive thermometers (axillary and infrared non-contact forehead thermometer) in measuring core temperature compared to the gold standard ...oral thermometer in the detection of fever in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia.
The study was conducted with a single group of 42 children with febrile neutropenia between 23 December 2020 and 25 January 2023 in the pediatric hematology and oncology clinic of a training and research hospital, which provides a specialized environment for both medical education and advanced scientific research in the field of pediatric hematology and oncology. The participants' body temperature was measured with an oral, axillary, and non-contact infrared forehead thermometer immediately after admission to the clinic and at 5 and 10 min after admission. The inter-rater agreement for each method and inter-method agreement between axillary and non-contact infrared temperature readings and oral readings were analyzed for each time point using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).
The children in the study had a mean age of 11.62 ± 3.00 years and 28 (66.7%) were boys, 19 (45.2%) were younger children (5–10 years of age), and 23 (54.8%) were adolescents (11–16 years of age). In the analysis of agreement between the thermometers at admission and at 5 and 10 min after admission in children with febrile neutropenia, the highest agreement was between the oral and axillary thermometers (ICC: 0.584, 0.835, 0.536, respectively) and the lowest agreement was between the oral and non-contact infrared thermometers (ICC: 0.219, 0.022, 0.473, respectively).
Compared to orally measured body temperature, axillary temperature readings showed better agreement than non-contact infrared temperature readings from the forehead in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia.
The research findings may guide nurses and families caring for pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia and should contribute to the prevention of false findings of fever and the reduction of its adverse consequences.
•Febrile neutropenia is considered an oncological emergency, and accuracy in body temperature measurement is essential for this patient group.•Many decisions regarding the hospitalization and treatment of pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia are based solely on the results of body temperature measurement.•Non-invasive axillary or non-contact methods of body temperature measurement are commonly used for fever detection in clinics.•Axillary temperature measurement should be used as an alternative to oral measurement to detect fever in febrile neutropenic patients.
Response times of meteorological air temperature sensors Burt, Stephen; Podesta, Michael
Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,
July 2020 Part B, 2020-07-00, 20200701, Letnik:
146, Številka:
731
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Guidelines in the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (the CIMO guide) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO, published 2014, updated 2017, section 2.1.3.3, ...Response times of thermometers) recommend that the 63% response time τ for an air temperature sensor be 20 s, although – as airflow speed influences response time – the minimum airflow speed at which this applies should also be specified in the document. A 63% response time τ63 = 20 s implies that 95% of a step change be registered within 3τ63 or 60 s, the WMO recommended averaging interval for air temperature: rapid air temperature changes on this time‐scale are not uncommon, often associated with convective squalls, frontal systems or sea breeze circulations. An alternative way of expressing the effect of the time constant is that in air whose temperature is changing at 0.1 K·min−1 the thermometer would lag by approximately 0.03 K.
To assess whether this response time specification was realistic, we have undertaken an experimental and theoretical study of the time constants of meteorological thermometers. Laboratory wind tunnel tests were undertaken to quantify 63% and 95% response times of 25 commercial 100 Ω platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) of various sizes (length and sheath diameter) from five manufacturers. The test results revealed a fourfold difference in response times between different sensors: none of the PRTs tested met the CIMO response time guideline at a ventilation speed of 1 m·s−1 assumed typical of passively ventilated thermometer shields such as Stevenson‐type thermometer screens. A theoretical model of the sensors was devised which matched the experimental behaviour with regard to the most important contributing factors, namely ventilation rate and sensor diameter. Finally, suggestions and recommendations for operational air temperature sensor adoption and future sensor development are included.
WMO guidelines recommend a 20 s 63% response time for air temperature sensors. To assess whether this specification was realistic, an experimental and theoretical study of time constants comparing 25 commercial platinum resistance thermometers from five manufacturers was undertaken. None of the PRTs tested met WMO response time guidelines at a ventilation speed of 1 m·s−1 assumed typical of passively ventilated thermometer screens. A theoretical model of the sensors outlined the most important contributing factors, ventilation rate and sensor diameter.
•NaBi(MoO4)2:Er3+,Yb3+ glass ceramic (GC) is prepared for the first time.•XRD and TEM results confirm the formation of nanocrystalline NaBi(MoO4)2.•The UC emission intensity of GC640 is hugely ...increased compared to glass.•GC640 sample possesses a high absolute sensitivity of up to1.04% K−1.
Molybdate glasses doped with Er3+/Yb3+ ions were fabricated using the high-temperature melting method, and transparent glass ceramics were obtained after heat treatment. XRD and TEM analysis results confirmed the formation of tetragonal nanocrystalline NaBi(MoO4)2. The structural characterization of glass and glass ceramics were investigated by Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The transmittance of glass-ceramics in the visible range is over 60%. Compared to the glass, the up-conversion (UC) luminescence intensity of glass ceramics is enormously increased. And the UC luminescence intensity is correlated with temperature. Especially, in the aspect of temperature detection, the glass heated at 640 °C possesses a high absolute sensitivity of up to1.04% K−1, which can be applied in the field of optical temperature measurement.
Wearable thermometers are popular devices for measuring body temperature during fever, as well as for monitoring basal temperature in women. They are easy to handle, inexpensive, accurate and provide ...continuous recordings. Most wearable thermometers are connected to a smart phone or tablet to display data. Many types of wearable thermometer are available, such as touch, patch and invisible (radiometric) types. In this review, we describe and discuss currently available wearable thermometers.
Here, the present research situation of all inorganic thermometers based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technology is reviewed. The thermometers are classified in detail based on type of ...luminescence center, and the principle equations of the thermometers are derived. The results show that the temperature sensing principles of single emission center and dual emission centers are similar. Further, the dual emission centers thermometers are classified into four different types and their characteristics are analyzed. The performance parameters of the thermometer, absolute sensitivity, relative sensitivity, resolution and repeatability have been discussed, respectively. The analysis results of a large number of studies show that the sensitivity is affected by the matrix phonon energy, crystal coordination environment, material size, doping concentration, etc. Inorganic optical thermometers show great potential in non-contact temperature sensing due to the excellent repeatability of inorganic materials. We summarize the current difficulties and look forward to the future of thermometers. Therefore, the review has positive effect on the development of inorganic FIR thermometers towards excellent performance.
Aim
To test whether infrared non‐touch forehead thermometry (FNTT) obtains comparable temperature readings in adults compared with common, non‐invasive thermometry methods such as axillary (DAT), ...oral (DOT) and infrared tympanic (ITT).
Design
A prospective, repeated‐measures comparative diagnostic test study design was used for this study.
Methods
Data were collected from a convenience sample of 169 nursing students over 3 months (March 2019 to May 2019). Participants had their temperature measured once with each of the four thermometers. Agreement between thermometers was assessed using repeated‐measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc testing.
Results/findings
One hundred and sixty‐one participants were included in the final analysis. A repeated‐measures ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the four thermometer temperature readings. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment revealed infrared non‐touch forehead thermometry demonstrated statistically significant higher mean temperatures compared with digital oral thermometry MD = 0.466℃ (95% CI, 0.357–0.576, p < .001) and digital axillary thermometry MD = 0.897℃ (95% CI, 0.752–1.043, p < .001), but not with infrared tympanic MD = 0.069℃ (95% CI, −0.025–0.162, p = .307).
Conclusions
This study found that infrared non‐touch forehead thermometry consistently produced higher temperature readings in adults compared with other common forms of peripheral thermometry. Caution should be taken when using forehead non‐touch thermometer readings interchangeably with digital oral and digital axillary readings unless corrections for bias are made. More research is needed into whether infrared non‐touch forehead thermometry and infrared tympanic could be used interchangeably.
Impact statement
This study aimed to address whether non‐touch forehead could be used interchangeably with other common forms of non‐invasive thermometry. Our result revealed inconsistencies in temperature readings between the different thermometers. Consequently, healthcare professionals should exercise caution when monitoring temperature trends where readings have been taken by different types of peripheral thermometers. This study could impact healthcare clinicians responsible for the monitoring and recording of peripheral temperatures.
The carbonate clumped isotope thermometer is a powerful tool in paleoclimate research, because it constrains carbonate formation temperature based on the extent of 13C and 18O clumping within the ...carbonate lattice (Δ47) and thus does not require knowledge of the isotopic composition of the water from which carbonates precipitate. However, there is growing evidence that kinetic processes in the precipitating solution, particularly the slow inter-conversion between CO2 and HCO3−, can cause deviations of the clumped isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from their expected equilibrium values, leading to disequilibrium clumped isotope composition in the carbonate precipitates. Such disequilibrium effects impede the application of the carbonate clumped isotope thermometer to important climate archives (e.g., speleothems and corals), and hinder the realization of the full potential of this novel thermometer. Here, I systematically examine the patterns and controls of kinetic clumped isotope fractionations (i.e., Δ47, Δ48 and Δ49) in the DIC-H2O-CO2 system through first-principles theoretical calculations and numerical modeling (IsoDIC), and explore their implications for the carbonate clumped isotope thermometry.
I show that, in contrast to the large carbon and oxygen isotope effects, intrinsic clumped isotope fractionations associated with CO2 hydration and hydroxylation and their reverse reactions (i.e., HCO3− dehydration and dehydroxylation) will lead to only relatively small disequilibrium Δ47 effects in the HCO3− that are directly produced or consumed by these reactions. Instead, the disequilibrium Δ47 effects observed in most natural and laboratory-synthesized carbonates arise in large part from the mixing or removal of DIC pools with similar Δ47 compositions but distinct bulk carbon and oxygen isotope compositions. Further, my model simulations show characteristic evolutions of the clumped isotope composition of DIC during three common isotope fractionation processes, i.e., DIC-H2O isotope exchange, CO2 degassing, and CO2 absorption, and predict correlated enrichments in δ13C, δ18O and Δ48 but depletions in Δ47 and Δ49 of DIC during the early stage of CO2 degassing and vice versa during CO2 absorption, yielding typical disequilibrium Δ47/δ18O, Δ48/δ18O and Δ47/Δ48 slopes of about −0.03, 0.03, and −1.0 for CO2 degassing and about −0.02, 0.04, and −0.6 for CO2 absorption. While both the physicochemical condition (e.g., T, pH, DIC, pCO2) and the isotopic composition (e.g., δ13C, δ18O, Δ47, Δ48, Δ49) of the aqueous solution and air CO2 can affect the magnitudes of these disequilibrium isotope effects, the correlations among these disequilibrium effects are relatively insensitive to changes in most environmental parameters except the isotopic composition of the aqueous solution and air CO2. The quantitative agreements between my model results and the existing observations from laboratory experiments and natural carbonates suggest that the model captures the key processes governing clumped isotope fractionations in the DIC-H2O-CO2-CaCO3 system, and support the development of novel approaches, e.g., coupled Δ47-Δ48 measurements, to discern the kinetic processes involved in carbonate formation and to correct for disequilibrium clumped isotope effects in carbonate archives and derive accurate estimates of their formation temperatures.
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