The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The considerations presented in this article aim to focus on the final choice of benchmarks in Japan, which operated the LIBOR rate expressed in Japanese yen. ...In turn, the main purpose of the article is to try to answer whether the newly selected alternative benchmarks in the Tokyo market meet the characteristics of an ideal rate. Methodology: The paper reviews the literature, studies of regulators and index administrators, presenting the stages of reform, the selection of alternative reference rates and making a comparative analysis with the previously functioning LIBOR rate. Due to the subject of the analysis, basic statistical methods were used. Results of the research: The course of benchmark reform in the Japanese market indicates that the reform has been successfully thought out and implemented, and the rates proposed as alternatives are well able to replace the JPY LIBOR rate. However, it should be noted that in this market it was decided that there are three alternatives to choose from covering both interbank rates and risk-free rates. These rates are referred to as: TONA, TIBOR and TORF. Under these circumstances, market participants must consider the optimal choice of comparative options depending on their financial products, the nature of the transactions they are dealing with and their own individual business needs. However, judging whether they are better than the LIBOR rate, the answer is positive because they are based on acts.
Cel artykułu/hipoteza: Osią rozważań prowadzonych w niniejszym artykule jest ostateczny wybór benchmarków przez Japonię, w której funkcjonowała stopa LIBOR wyrażona w jenie japońskim. Natomiast głównym celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi czy nowo wybrane alternatywne wskaźniki referencyjne na rynku tokijskim spełniają cechy idealnej stopy. Metodyka: W opracowaniu dokonano przeglądu literatury, opracowań regulatorów i administratorów indeksów, prezentując etapy reformy, wybór alternatywnych stóp referencyjnych oraz dokonując analizy porównawczej z dotychczas funkcjonującą stopą LIBOR. Ze względu na przedmiot prowadzonej analizy skorzystano z podstawowych metod statystycznych. Wyniki/Rezultaty badania: Przebieg reformy benchmarków na rynku japońskim wskazuje, że została ona przemyślana i wdrożona z sukcesem, a stawki zaproponowane jako alternatywy są w stanie dobrze zastąpić stopę LIBOR JPY. Należy jednak odnotować, że na rynku tym zdecydowano się na istnienie trzech alternatywnych opcji do wyboru obejmujące zarówno stawki międzybankowe, jak i stopy wolne od ryzyka. Mowa tu o stopach: TONA, TIBOR i TORF. W tych okolicznościach uczestnicy rynku muszą rozważyć optymalny dobór opcji porównawczych w zależności od posiadanych produktów finansowych, charakteru transakcji, z którymi mają do czynienia oraz własnych indywidualnych potrzeb biznesowych. Oceniając jednak czy są lepsze od stopy LIBOR można powiedzieć, że tak ponieważ są oparte na rzeczywistych transakcjach, więc wydają się być solidniejsze.
Phage Φ80 can infect Escherichia coli in a stealthy manner and persist by forming lysogens. Such Φ80 lysogens are fairly common and often go undetected unless the host is grown at temperatures below ...37°C. Since low growth temperatures are required for growing temperature‐sensitive mutants and often preferred for large‐scale applications such as protein production, Φ80‐resistant strains would be useful. We report the construction of E. coli strains that cannot be efficiently lysogenized or infected by bacteriophage Φ80. These strains contain combinations of deletions or mutations in the bacterial attachment site for Φ80 integration and/or deletions in the genes required for phage absorption to the host outer membrane. These strains should help contain and prevent Φ80 infection of E. coli cultures in a laboratory or industrial setting.
Srinivas and Cronan construct an Escherichia coli mutants lacking a functional outer membrane receptor (TonB) and a bacterial attachment site (attΦ80) on the genome and demonstrate their resistance to lytic infection and lysogeny by the phage phi80. Phi80 is a bacteriophage that forms stealthy lysogens that are stable at normal growth temperatures but quickly turn lytic at lower temperatures. This mutant strain would help avoid phage‐induced lytic loss of valuable strains in industrial and laboratory settings.
High-grade gold and uranium mineralization in the Witwatersrand basin is intimately associated with pyrobitumen, implying that hydrocarbons may have played a role in the genesis of these ores. The ...nature of the pyrobitumen in the Carbon Leader Reef was therefore investigated to determine if hydrocarbons were essential to the ore-forming process. The relative proportions of trace elements in pyrobitumen seams and nodules are, in large part, similar to those of organic-rich shales located within the sedimentary succession. This indicates a strong genetic relationship between the pyrobitumen and the shales. A network of veins and veinlets filled with pyrobitumen, and the occurrence of oil inclusions in detrital and authigenic quartz grains, provide compelling evidence that the pyrobitumen was derived from a mobile (liquid hydrocarbon) precursor that circulated in the Carbon Leader Reef. Uranium, Au, Sb, Pb, Ag, Te, Th, Bi, Se and W are enriched relative to their concentrations in the shales. This is particularly the case for U and Au. The pervasive and relatively homogeneous distribution of the uranium is consistent with the presence of ubiquitous, submicroscopic uraninite in the pyrobitumen documented in an earlier study. In contrast, the distribution of the gold is heterogeneous, indicating the presence of irregularly distributed gold micrograins. These grains are concentrated mainly in the interstices between pyrobitumen nodules. Secondary minerals, such as brannerite, monazite-(Ce) and galena, are also concentrated in these interstices.
On the basis of this study, we propose that intrabasinal shale units of the Witwatersrand Supergroup were the source for the pyrobitumen in the Carbon Leader Reef. These shales produced and released liquid hydrocarbons during the burial of the sedimentary succession. Phyllosilicates enriched in trace metals were transferred from the shales into the newly produced liquid hydrocarbons and were transported stratigraphically upward by the latter into the Carbon Leader Reef. During migration, the liquid hydrocarbons dissolved detrital uraninite present in the basin, adding to the uranium budget. The liquid hydrocarbons were converted into pyrobitumen in response to further burial, and precipitated uraninite nanocrystals. Post-depositional, hydrothermal fluids interacted with the hydrocarbons and deposited gold by reduction on hydrocarbon surfaces. The interaction of these fluids with the hydrocarbons may have released U, Th, REE, Pb and Ti from the hydrocarbons and triggered the formation of secondary brannerite, monazite-(Ce) and galena. The results of this study provide convincing evidence that the hydrocarbon liquids that formed the pyrobitumen seams in the Carbon Leader Reef played an essential role in the remobilization and redeposition of uranium and gold, respectively, in the Witwatersrand Supergroup.
•Pyrobitumen represents the residues of liquid hydrocarbons produced in intra-basinal shale units.•Uranium is ubiquitous in pyrobitumen seams and is mainly present as invisible uraninite.•Hydrocarbon liquids dissolved detrital uraninite during their migration through the Witwatersrand basin.•Gold was precipitated from hydrothermal fluids by reduction on hydrocarbon surfaces•Hydrothermal leaching of hydrocarbons led to the formation of secondary minerals.
En este trabajo se analizan dos cuentos del importante pero poco estudiado libro El diosero (1952), de Francisco Rojas González, como dos posturas antitéticas sobre lo indígena. “La tona” e “Hículi ...Hualula” se inscriben en un contexto donde el debate sobre la mexicani-dad se encontraba en boga tanto por la institución literaria como por la antropológica. Antropólogo de profesión, Rojas González aparece como una figura que a través de una de sus narraciones problematizará la dis-ciplina a la que pertenece. La postura del autor sobre el conocimiento del indígena será un antecedente para la literatura indigenista mexicana posterior y para el pensamiento latinoamericano que pondrá en duda la superioridad del conocimiento de occidente. / This paper analyzes two tales from the important but unex-plored book El diosero (1952), by Francisco Rojas González, as two an-tithetical positions on the indigenous. “La tona” and “Hícula Hualula” are part of a context where the debate about Mexicanness was in vogue in the literary institution as well as in the anthropological one. Anthropologist by profession, Rojas González appears as a figure who, through one of his narrations, would problematize the discipline to which he belonged. The author’s position on indigenous knowledge would set a precedent for later Mexican indigenist literature and for the Latin American thought that would put in doubt the superiority of West’s knowledge.
Understanding the operation of family businesses is important worldwide. It is worth examining and evaluating this kind of business in terms of the family, the business and the ownership dimensions. ...There are no research findings known to provide an international and aggregated cross-sector analysis of family businesses. The purpose of this theoretical approach is to present a new method. With this method it would be possible to carry out a cross-sector and international comparative statistical analysis of family enterprises. This is suitable for making an aggregated analysis of one or more companies. The simultaneous or separate examination of the development of dimensions can assist family businesses in measuring their own status. The TONA model is applicable to measuring the evolution of family businesses and can show the differences between sectors or countries in an illustrative way.
En este trabajo se analizan dos cuentos del importante pero poco estudiado libro El diosero (1952), de Francisco Rojas González, como dos posturas antitéticas sobre el indígena. “La tona” e “Hículi ...Hualula” se inscriben en un contexto donde el debate sobre la mexicanidad se encontraba en boga tanto por la institución literaria como por la antropológica. Antropólogo de profesión, Rojas González aparece como una figura que a través de una de sus narraciones problematizará la disciplina a la que pertenece. La postura del autor sobre el conocimiento del indígena será un antecedente para la literatura indigenista mexicana posterior y para el pensamiento latinoamericano que pondrá en duda la superioridad del conocimiento de occidente.
Tavukçuluk sektöründe civciv kalitesi oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Kaliteli olarak tanımlanan bir civcivin üretim aşamalarındaki performansı daha iyi olmaktadır. Civciv kalitesi üzerine damızlık ...sürünün genetik yapısı, yetiştirme sistemleri, sürü idaresi, besleme, kuluçka şartları ve hastalıklar gibi faktörler etkili olmaktadır. Günümüzde civciv kalitesini ölçmek üzere değişik yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler, görsel değerlendirme, vücut ağırlığı, sarısız vücut kitlesi (YFBM), civciv boyu, ürün yüzdesi, tona skor ve pasgar skor olmak üzere 7 grup altında toplanmaktadır. Civciv kalitesini artırmak üzere kuluçka makinesi üreticileri karbondioksit kontrolü, gelişim makinesindeki yumurtanın ağırlık kaybı ve yumurta kabuk sıcaklığını ölçmek üzere yeni teknolojiler geliştirmişlerdir. Bu sistemlerle civciv kalitesi üzerine kuluçkahanelerden kaynaklanabilecek olumsuz etkinin azaltılmasına çalışmaktadır
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