Examining the transformation of transparency as a metaphor in West German political thought to an analogy for democratic architecture, this book questions the prevailing assumption in German ...architectural circles that transparency in governmental buildings can be equated with openness, accessibility and greater democracy. The Transparent State traces the development of transparency in German political and architectural culture, tying this lineage to the relationship between culture and national identity, a connection that began before unification of the German state in the eighteenth century and continues today. The Weimar Republic and Third Reich periods are examined although the focus is on the postwar period, looking at the use of transparency in the three projects for a national parliament - the 1949 Bundestag project by Hans Schwippert, the 1992 Bundestag building by Gunter Behnisch and the 1999 Reichstag renovation by Norman Foster. Transparency is an important issue in contemporary architectural practice; this book will appeal to both the practising architect and the architectural historian.
'Barnstone's aim is as ambitious as it is fascinating.' - Domus
'Barnstone offers a stimulating argument which will engage readers interested in the debates about both German history and architecture in the twentieth century.' – The Art Book
Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Transparency Ideology 2. Transparency in German Architecture before and after the War 3. The Quest for an Open Society 4. Looking in the Mirror: Transparency after 1989 5. A Metaphor for the New Germany 6. House of Openness, Architecture of Encounter 7. Coming to Terms with the Past: Transparency in Norman Foster's Reichstag 8. Why Transparency? Appendix 1: Biography of Hans Schwippert Appendix 2: Biography of Günter Behnisch Appendix 3: Biography of Sir Norman Foster Appendix 4: Glück und Glas, Hans Schwippert Bibliography
Deborah Ascher Barnstone is Associate Professor of Architectural Design at Washington State University, and also an architect and designer. Her work includes a special issue of the Journal of Architecture Education dedicated to transparency in Twentieth-Century architecture (with Anthony Vidler), and she has chaired sessions addressing transparency and approaches to architectural modernism at two annual meetings of the Association of Art Historians. Her design practice has explored both spatial and material transparency, and she has taught architectural design in Germany.
Objective
In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
Background
The ...advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is a design principle that could support humans by making the automation’s inner workings observable (i.e., “seeing-into”). However, experimental support for this has not been systematically documented to date.
Method
Based on the PRISMA method, a broad and systematic search of the literature was performed focusing on identifying empirical research investigating the effect of transparency on central Human Factors variables.
Results
Our final sample consisted of 17 experimental studies that investigated transparency in a controlled setting. The studies typically employed three human-automation interaction types: responding to agent-generated proposals, supervisory control of agents, and monitoring only. There is an overall trend in the data pointing towards a beneficial effect of transparency. However, the data reveals variations in Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for specific tasks, agent-types, and level of integration of transparency information in primary task displays.
Conclusion
Our data suggests a promising effect of automation transparency on Situation Awareness and operator performance, without the cost of added mental workload, for instances where humans respond to agent-generated proposals and where humans have a supervisory role.
Application
Strategies to improve human performance when interacting with intelligent agents should focus on allowing humans to see into its information processing stages, considering the integration of information in existing Human Machine Interface solutions.
España cuenta con una escasa cultura de la transparencia, por lo que la «Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno» tardó en llegar más que en otros países. Desde ...entonces, ha habido un esfuerzo por parte de las instituciones públicas por abrir portales de datos accesibles. En este contexto, la evaluación de la transparencia se vuelve necesaria para asegurar que se cumple el derecho de los ciudadanos a acceder a la información pública y para asegurar que esta sea de calidad. En España, existen modelos muy diferentes de monitorización de la transparencia. Desde el punto de vista público, está el Consejo de Transparencia y Buen Gobierno y los diferentes comisionados de transparencia puestos en marcha en algunas comunidades autónomas. Por otro lado, existen diversos índices de transparencia que evalúan con indicadores la información publicada por las instituciones. En este artículo, estudiaremos la situación actual de la evaluación de la transparencia en España, analizaremos los fallos y destacaremos mejoras necesarias en este sistema.
Modern food supply chains are complex and contain numerous stakeholders, with each performing specific roles pertaining to food production. As food supply chains become more complex, the importance ...of food production transparency increases. Several factors contribute to the need for transparency such as an increase in the global population, detection of foodborne illness outbreaks, efficient management of risks and recalls, and satisfying consumer demand. A case in point is the necessity that food production systems become more sustainable through improvements in production efficiency and reducing the wasting of resources and food. Other examples include the need for timely identification of the source of food production, in addition to requiring a more rapid knowledge of the cause of contamination during outbreaks of foodborne illness.
This review sets out to describe enabling technologies, provided by the Internet of Things (IoT), which have the potential to increase food production transparency. In addition, other technologies important for managing and using food supply chain data, such as blockchain and Big Data analytics, are reviewed. The IoT is the overarching technology which allows for data collection from multiple phases within supply chains leading to data driven transparent systems of food production.
Enabling transparency in food supply chains via implementation of technologies will require considerable effort from all stakeholders involved, resulting in many new challenges and requirements that must be addressed. These challenges and requirements range from technical issues, such as Internet connection, storage requirements, device security, and government requirements and regulations, to those concerning consumer acceptance.
•Transparent systems of food production are advantageous to stakeholders and consumers.•Emerging technologies can enhance data collection throughout supply chain procedures.•Data management platforms are important to ensure high security and quality of data.•Challenges and requirements exist for food supply chain transparency-enabling technologies.
Respect for the 'rule of law' is, according to Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union, a value on which the Union is founded and a prerequisite for the accession of new Member States. However in ...some Member States there are deficiencies as regards the independence of the justice system or other aspects of the rule of law, and on several occasions the Union has been confronted with a rule of law crisis. In order to address this problem the book elucidates the principal elements of a common European rule of law in a global context, and explores the different mechanisms and instruments appropriate to safeguard the rule of law and to address future rule of law crises in the Member States.The book brings together contributions from renowned academics, high-ranking professionals and experts in the fields of European law, public international law and constitutional law.
Chiral hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides (HOMHs) with intrinsic noncentrosymmetry have shown great promise for applications in second‐order nonlinear optics (NLO). However, established chiral ...HOMHs often suffer from their relatively small band gaps, which lead to negative impacts on transparent window and laser‐induced damage thresholds (LDT). Here, we have synthesized two chiral HOMHs based on CuI halides, namely (R‐/S‐MBA)CuBr2, which feature well‐balanced NLO performances with a highly efficient SHG response, outstanding optical transparency, and high LDT. The effective second‐order NLO coefficient of (R‐MBA)CuBr2 has been determined to be ≈24.7 pm V−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of their CuII counterparts. This work shows the promising potential of CuI‐based chiral HOMHs for nonlinear photonic applications in wide wavelength regions.
Two new chiral hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides based on CuI with a large band gap have been constructed, which feature well‐balanced nonlinear optical performances with highly efficient SHG response, outstanding optical transparency and stability. The effective second‐order nonlinear optical coefficient is two orders of magnitude higher than that of their CuII counterparts, which promises potential nonlinear photonic applications in wide wavelength regions.
Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works ...and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trace some of its roots in scientific and sociotechnical epistemological cultures, and present 10 limitations to its application. We specifically focus on the inadequacy of transparency for understanding and governing algorithmic systems and sketch an alternative typology of algorithmic accountability grounded in constructive engagements with the limitations of transparency ideals.
High refractive index polymers (HRIPs) have drawn attention for their optoelectronic applications and HRIPs with excellent transparency and facile preparation are highly demanded. Herein, ...sulfur-containing all organic HRIPs with refractive indices up to 1.8433 at 589 nm and excellent optical transparency even in one hundred micrometre scale in the visual and RI region as well as high weight-average molecular weights (up to 44500) are prepared by our developed organobase catalyzed polymerization of bromoalkynes and dithiophenols in yields up to 92%. Notably, the fabricated optical transmission waveguides using the resultant HRIP with the highest refractive index display a reduced propagation loss compared with that generated by the commercial material of SU-8. In addition, the tetraphenylethylene containing polymer not only exhibits a reduced propagation loss, but also is used to examine the uniformity and continuity of optical waveguides with naked eyes because of its aggregation-induced emission feature.
PDF
