The relationship between living alone, loneliness and social isolation, and how they are associated with health remain contentious. We sought to explore typologies based on shared experiences of ...loneliness, social isolation and living alone using Latent Class Analysis and determine how these groups may differ in terms of their physical and mental health. We used Wave 7 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N = 7,032; mean age = 67.3) and responses to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale, household composition, participation in social/societal activities plus frequency of contact with friends, family and relatives for the Latent Class Analysis. The optimal number of groups was identified using model-fit criteria. The socio-demographic characteristics of groups and health outcomes were explored using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. We identified a six-cluster typology: Group 1, no loneliness or isolation; Group 2, moderate loneliness; Group 3, living alone; Group 4, moderate isolation; Group 5, moderate loneliness, living alone; and Group 6, high loneliness, moderate isolation (with high likelihood of living alone). Groups experiencing loneliness and/or isolation were more likely to report poorer physical and mental health even after adjusting for socio-demographic confounders, this was particularly notable for Group 6. Our results indicate that different typologies of living alone, loneliness and isolation can be identified using data-driven techniques, and can be differentiated by the number and severity of issues they experience.
Social entrepreneurship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature. This stems from its importance in addressing social problems and enriching communities and societies. In this ...article, we define social entrepreneurship; discuss its contributions to creating social wealth; offer a typology of entrepreneurs' search processes that lead to the discovery of opportunities for creating social ventures; and articulate the major ethical concerns social entrepreneurs might encounter. We conclude by outlining implications for entrepreneurs and advancing an agenda for future research, especially the ethics of social entrepreneurship.
The field of policy learning is characterised by concept stretching and a lack of systematic findings. To systematise them, we combine the classic Sartorian approach to classification with the more ...recent insights on explanatory typologies, distinguishing between the genus and the different species within it. By drawing on the technique of explanatory typologies to introduce a basic model of policy learning, we identify four major genera in the literature. We then generate variation within each cell by using rigorous concepts drawn from adult education research. By looking at learning through the lenses of knowledge utilisation, we show that the basic model can be expanded to reveal sixteen different species. These types are all conceptually possible, but are not all empirically established in the literature. Our reconstruction of the field sheds light on mechanisms and relations associated with alternative operationalisations of learning and the role of actors in the process of knowledge construction and utilisation. By providing a comprehensive typology, we mitigate concept-stretching problems and lay the foundations for the systematic comparison across and within cases of policy learning.
Exercise scientists (especially in the field of biomolecular research) frequently classify athletic cohorts into categories such as endurance , strength , or mixed , and create a practical framework ...for studying diverse athletic populations between seemingly similar groups. It is crucial to recognize the limitations and complexities of these classifications, as they may oversimplify the multidimensional characteristics of each sport. If so, the validity of studies dealing with such approaches may become compromised and the comparability across different studies challenging or impossible. This perspective critically examines and highlights the issues associated with current sports typologies, critiques existing sports classification systems, and emphasizes the imperative for a universally accepted classification model to enhance the quality of biomolecular research of sports in the future.
•Totally novel classification of regions in Europe according to the role of small farms.•Combining structural with economic farm size to obtain a more accurate picture of small farms distribution in ...Europe today.•Identifying the role of small farms in each particular regional context.•Detailed NUTS-3 typology of regions in Europe.•Contribution to policy targeting through adaptative assessment tools
The contribution of small farms to local food supply, food security and food sovereignty is widely acknowledged at a global level. In the particular case of Europe, they often are seen as an alternative to large and specialised farms. Assessing the real role of small farms has been limited by a lack of information, as small farms are frequently omitted from agricultural censuses and national statistics. It is also well acknowledged that small farms differ widely, and are distributed according to different spatial patterns across Europe, fulfilling different roles according to the agriculture and territorial characteristics of each region. This paper presents the result of a novel classification of small farms at NUTS-3 level in Europe, according to the relevance of small farms in the agricultural and territorial context of each region, and based on a typology of small farms considering different dimensions of farm size. The maps presented result from an extensive data collection and variables selected according to European wide expert judgement, analysed with advanced cluster procedures. The results provide a fine grained picture of the role of small farms at the regional level in Europe today, and are expected to support further data analysis and targeted policy intervention.
A number of models has been proposed to describe various types of feedback along with mechanisms through which feedback may improve student performance and learning. We selected fourteen most ...prominent models, which we discussed in two complementary reviews. In the first part (Lipnevich & Panadero, 2021) we described the models, feedback definitions, and the empirical evidence supporting them, whereas in the present publication, we analyzed and compared the fourteen models with the goal to classify and integrate shared elements into a new comprehensive model. As a result of our synthesis, we offered an expanded typology of feedback and a classification of models into five thematic areas: descriptive, internal processing, interactional, pedagogical, and students characteristics. We concluded with an Integrative Model of Feedback Elements that includes five components: Message, Implementation, Student, Context, and Agents (MISCA). We described each element and relations among them, offering future directions for theory and practice.
Finally, feedback occurs within the context of a task that can be more specific –e.g. a mathematical exercise- or general –e.g. presenting to the public. Therefore, we included this idea in our model, below the students’ characteristics. It is important to consider how the task characteristics might influence the whole ecosystem while keeping in mind the larger goal – that feedback should improve the learner, not just the work.
•Fourteen prominent feedback models were selected, analyzed and integrated.•An integrative typology is proposed that includes feedback content, function, presentation and source.•Models were thematically classified into descriptive, internal processing, interactional, pedagogical, and student's characteristics.•An Integrative Model of Feedback Elements is proposed: the MISCA (Message, Implementation, Student, Context and Agents).
It is easy to understand why the idea of a 15-minutes city, providing most everyday amenities within 15-minutes travel time, has become so appealing to city officials and citizens in the last ...decades, and with particular strength, in the last few years following the COVID-19 pandemic. The explicit reduction of both travel distance and time are, in themselves, tantalizing for societies in need of coping with major challenges, such as, global warming, sustainable development, car-dependent cities, lack of quality urban spaces, and quality of life. Regardless, such prescriptive strategy seems to be at odds with less dense urban environments found in sprawl, the majority of suburban development and even some urban centres.
Using the idea of a 15-minutes city as an analytical lens instead of a prescriptive policy, this paper aims to explore the diversity of settings for the 15-minutes city, using a metropolitan area as testbed for its diversity of urban and suburban contexts. Our research explores the diversity of accessibility conditions currently offered at 15-minutes walking time (grouped into typologies), using network-based accessibility measures at the census tract level.
Our analysis of the core municipalities of the metropolitan area of Porto revealed 6 main typologies for the 15-minutes city with roughly 18% of the population able to reach all of the considered amenities while 1% has none at 15-minutes walking. Although some areas seem able to move up in the referred typologies through policies such as the ones prescribed by the 15-minutes city concept, others seem unable to make the change. Uniformity does also not necessarily seem desirable for the different urban context encountered. Finally, forcing fashionable concepts, as this one, onto urban areas may come at the expense of the underlying sustainability concerns they were developed to encourage.
L’expression « sémiotique plastique », proposée par Jean-Marie Floch, à la suite de Greimas, est déjà en soi un choix critique. Elle a permis d’éviter le piège des typologies sémiotiques précédentes, ...fondées sur les canaux sensoriels, car la dimension plastique n’est pas réservée au domaine visuel ! « Sémiotique plastique » implique en effet d’emblée un typede sémiose, doté de ses plans de l’expression et du contenu spécifiques : l’identification d'un plan de l’expression spécifique ne semble pas difficile, mais celle du plan du contenu est plus problématique. Le Groupe μ a consacré une bonne partie de son Traité du signe visuel (1992) à ce qu’il appelle le « signe plastique », mais autant sa description systématique de l’expression plastique semble exhaustive, cohérente et donc convaincante, autant ses propositions concernant le contenu plastique, en défaut par rapport au principe d’hétérotopie (isomorphisme gardé) entre expression et contenu, semblent un peu trop redondantes (ou dépendantes) par rapport à l’expression, et faiblement heuristiques. Précisément, le problème sous-jacent est le statut de la dimension plastique, qui a beaucoup à perdre à être spécialisée dans le visuel, et beaucoup à gagner à être considérée comme un type particulier mais transversal de sémiose (par rapport aux types d’objets, aux canaux sensoriels, et même aux domaines de connaissance). C’est pourquoi la question de la spécificité de ses contenus est décisive, mais seulement si elle est abordée dans une perspective anthropologique et culturelle générale. Il se trouve qu'à cet égard, Greimas, Floch, mais aussi Thürlemann, ont déjà mis en évidence, dans leurs analyses, des contenus plastiques qui prenaient des allures narrativo-mythiques et anthropologiques nettement hétérotopiques par rapport aux expressions plastiques. Pour préciser la dimension plastique, Jean-Marie Floch avait parfaitement identifié une partie de la difficulté — et la possibilité d’une solution — avec les systèmes semi-symboliques : les relations propres à la sémiose plastique seraient caractérisées par la corrélation entre les oppositions de l’expression plastique et les oppositions des contenus plastiques. Mais, si les systèmes semi-symboliques garantissent l’indépendance et l’hétéronomie entre expressions et contenus plastiques, ils ne disent rien sur la nature des contenus en question. Voilà pourquoi notre enquête, qualifiée d’« archéologie de la dimension plastique », s’efforce ici de parcourir les principales typologies où naissent les possibilités de contenus plastiques, qui sont, en fait, différentes propositions en matière de types de signification : celles proposées par la scolastique médiévale (quatre types de signification), celles reformulées par l’iconologie (trois types), celles avancées, enfin, par Barthes (deux ou trois types, selon les versions) et Greimas (deux types) : il en ressort précisément que la particularité des contenus plastiques ne peut être appréhendée que par une approche anthropologique et comparée.
Despite a longstanding and widespread influence of the diagnostic approach to mental ill health, there is an emerging and growing consensus that such psychiatric nosologies may no longer be fit for ...purpose in research and clinical practice. In their place, there is gathering support for a "transdiagnostic" approach that cuts across traditional diagnostic boundaries or, more radically, sets them aside altogether, to provide novel insights into how we might understand mental health difficulties. Removing the distinctions between proposed psychiatric taxa at the level of classification opens up new ways of classifying mental health problems, suggests alternative conceptualizations of the processes implicated in mental health, and provides a platform for novel ways of thinking about onset, maintenance, and clinical treatment and recovery from experiences of disabling mental distress. In this Introduction to a Special Section on Transdiagnostic Approaches to Psychopathology, we provide a narrative review of the transdiagnostic literature in order to situate the Special Section articles in context. We begin with a brief history of the diagnostic approach and outline several challenges it currently faces that arguably limit its applicability in current mental health science and practice. We then review several recent transdiagnostic approaches to classification, biopsychosocial processes, and clinical interventions, highlighting promising novel developments. Finally, we present some key challenges facing transdiagnostic science and make suggestions for a way forward.
What is the public health significance of this article?
Traditional diagnostic systems may no longer be fit for purpose for classifying mental ill health, facilitating understanding of its core underlying biopsychosocial processes, nor driving clinical developments. Here we propose that 'transdiagnostic' approaches have the potential to better represent the clinical and scientific reality of mental health problems, reflecting the complexity, dimensionality and comorbidity that is the norm in clinical practice.
•A methodology for environmental performance analysis of urban blocks is introduced.•An automated analytic workflow was established and applied for 1920 iterations.•Load match balance and spatial ...daylight autonomy were recorded for each iteration.•Up to 50% monthly average load match variation was recorded between typologies.•Results show the potential of this method to inform performance driven urban design.
Despite the global call for a paradigm shift towards new environmentally conscious urban planning, little has changed in practice, especially in hot climatic regions. This paper helps bridge this gap by introducing an automated parametric workflow for performance driven urban design. The methodology was tested here in the climatic and urban Mediterranean context consists of a parametric typological analysis, automated through Grasshopper with a total of 1920 iterations. For each iteration the performative effects of both building (i.e. typology, window to wall ratio and glazing properties) and urban design parameters (i.e. distance between buildings, floor area ratio and the orientation) were evaluated for residential and office building uses. The performance metrics - monthly/hourly energy load match and spatial daylight autonomy - were calculated using Energyplus and Radiance, respectively, and recorded for each iteration. The main results indicate substantial performative differences between typologies under different design and density scenarios; the correlation between the shape factor and the energy load match index as well as the benefits of the courtyard typology in terms of energy balance, with its challenging daylight performance, were established. These results demonstrate the potential of this workflow to highlight the design trade-offs between form and environmental performance considerations by designers and thus provide a new way to bridge the performative gap between buildings and their urban surroundings. Its application should help designers and policy makers contextualize nearly zero energy block concepts as well as define new criteria and goals.
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