In the presented research, we studied the forest edge structure of urban and peri-urban forests on the outskirts of Ljubljana (Slovenia) consisting of a number of patches covering the collective ...surface of 1884 ha. They differ from each other according to the degree of fragmentation and by the share of the interior forest area. On the basis of LiDAR data, we conducted an analysis of the edges of the persistent forest patches and estimated them with regard to the land use they bordered on. The horizontal estimation of forest edges and the changes of forest edges, in the last decades, were estimated using digital orthophoto images of cyclic aerial surveys of Slovenia, from 1975 to 2018. The data, provided by LiDAR, were used to obtain an accurate estimate of forest edges and the metrics of their vertical canopy structure. On the basis of the canopy height model (CHM), we determined the height classes, the heights of the tallest trees, and indices of canopy height diversity (CHD) as variables subjected to a k-means cluster analysis. To determine the forest edge and trees stability, their heights and diameters at breast height (DBH) were measured and their canopy length and h/d (height/diameter) dimension ratios were estimated. In the study area of the Golovec forest patch, more than half of the forest edge segments (56%) border on residential buildings. After the construction of buildings, 54% of the newly formed forest edges developed a high and steep structure. Unfavorable h/d dimension ratio was estimated for 16% of trees, more among the coniferous than among the deciduous trees. Similar characteristics of newly formed forest edges bordering on built-up areas were determined in other sub-urban forest patches, despite the smaller share of such forest edges (19% and 10%, respectively). Tools and methods presented in the research enable the implementation of concrete silvicultural practices in a realistic time period and extend to ensure that adequate forestry measures are taken to minimize possible disturbances.
Gozdovi s svojimi ekosistemskimi storitvami pomembno prispevajo k varovanju vodnih virov, posebno v urbanih okoljih. V članku predstavljamo metodologijo za oceno ekosistemskih storitev urbanih gozdov ...za varovanje rezervnega vodnega vira, pri čemer je to prva tovrstna neekonomska ocena. Da bi lahko primerjali ekosistemske storitve gozdov za varovanje vodnih virov z drugimi rabami tal, smo za vodozbirno zaledje rezervnega vodnega vira izbrali kazalnike za ohranjanje kakovosti voda, uravnavanje količine voda in zmanjševanje onesnaženosti zraka za urbane gozdove in druge rabe tal v študijskem območju. Za vsak kazalnik smo izračunali relativni prispevek posamezne rabe tal k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov, in sicer za (1) kmetijska zemljišča, (2) travniki in opuščena kmetijska zemljišča, (3) urbani gozd, (4) mokrišča, močvirja in poplavne ravnice ter (5) pozidano zemljišče. Ugotovili smo, da urbani gozdovi v znatno večji meri prispevajo k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov kot druge rabe tal. Največji prispevek urbanih gozdov je bil ugotovljen pri ohranjanju kakovosti voda ter zmanjševanju onesnaženosti zraka, kjer so kazalniki znatno višji kot za travnike ali kmetijska zemljišča. Prav tako je bil ugotovljen velik prispevek urbanih gozdov k uravnavanju količine voda, ki pa je bil višji za mokrišča, močvirja in poplavne ravnice. K ekosistemskim storitvam varovanja vodnih virov je glede na izbrane kazalnike največji skupni relativni prispevek urbanih gozdov (2,4), katerim sledijo travniki in opuščena kmetijska zemljišča (1,6). Mokrišča, močvirja oziroma poplavne ravnice (1,3) prispevajo podobno kot kmetijska zemljišča (1,2). Najmanjši relativni skupni relativni prispevek pa smo ugotovili za pozidane površine (0,0). Glede na velik prispevek urbanih gozdov k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov v primerjavi z drugimi rabami tal bi bilo smiselno njihov delež ohraniti ali v II. in III. vodovarstvenem območju celo povečati. Vsekakor pa bi bilo priporočljivo omejiti širjenje urbanizacije ter druge človekove dejavnosti, ki ogrožajo vodne vire.
Through their ecosystem services, forests play an important role in protecting water resources, especially in urban environments. This paper presents a methodology for assessing ecosystem services of urban forests for the protection of a reserve water resource, representing the first such non-economic assessment. In order to compare ecosystem services of forests and other land use types, we selected indicators for forests and the other land use types, related to water purification, water flow regulation, and air pollution reduction for the catchment area for the reserve water source. For each indicator, the relative contribution of individual land use type to an ecosystem service for the protection of water resources was calculated: (1) agricultural land, (2) grassland and abandoned agricultural land, (3) urban forest, (4) wetlands, marshes and flood plains, and (5) built-up areas. The results of this study show that urban forests contribute more to the ecosystem service of protecting water resources compared to other land use types. The highest contribution of urban forests has been found for air pollution reduction, where indicators are significantly higher than for agricultural land or meadows. There was also a high contribution of urban forests to water flow regulation, which was similar to the one of wetlands, marshes and floodplains. According to the selected indicators, the relative contribution to the ecosystem services for the protection of water resources is the largest for urban forests (2.4), followed by meadows and abandoned agricultural land (1.6). Wetlands, swamps and floodplains (1.3) have similar contribution as cropland (1.2). However, build-up areas have the smallest total relative contribution (0.0). According to the results of this study, urban forests contribute largely to the ecosystem services in protecting water resources compared to other land use types. Therefore, their surface should be preserved or even increased in water protection zones II and III. Nevertheless, it is advisable to limit the spread of the urbanization and other human activities that threaten water resources.
Raziskava obravnava odnos javnosti do gozdov v mestih. Z anketo med obiskovalci gozdov na Rožniku (R) in Golovcu (G) v Ljubljani ugotavljamo pogostost obiskov gozda in razloge zanje. Ugotavljamo ...prepoznavnost Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije, primernost označb o delu v gozdu ter odnos do mrtvega drevja v gozdovih. Namen raziskave je ugotoviti mnenje anketiranih o urejenosti gozdov, načinu ureditve lastništva, sečnji v teh gozdovih in o počutju ob obisku. Anketa (priložnostno, neverjetnostno vzorčenje) je bila opravljena v dveh delih - v sklopu množične rekreativne prireditve in na svetovnem spletu. Anketni vprašalnik je v celoti izpolnilo 788 oseb, v raziskavo je bilo vključenih 555 obiskovalcev gozdov na Rožniku in 349 obiskovalcev gozdov na Golovcu. Rezultati so pokazali, da večina anketiranih (66,3 %) gre vsaj enkrat na teden v gozd. Najpomembnejši razlog za obisk gozda je rekreacija (sprehod, tek, kolesarjenje), sledijo sprostitev po napornem dnevu, sprehod s psom ter umik od ljudi in mestnega vrveža. Večina anketiranih (R - 69,2 %, G - 67,0 %) obiskovalcev je z urejenostjo gozdov relativno zadovoljna. Najbolj jih motijo smeti, uničene klopi in table, viseče, mrtvo in poškodovano drevje. Največji delež anketiranih (R - 40,7 %, G- 35,0 %) meni, da bi morala gozdne parcele bodisi odkupiti bodisi najeti občina, deleža pa se razlikujeta glede na lokacijo (večji delež na Rožniku). Večina anketiranih se strinja z občasno sečnjo v teh gozdovih (R -87,0 %, G - 86,7 %) in se v gozdovih Rožnika in Golovca počuti varno (R - 77,5 %, G - 74,4%).
This research examines the public attitude toward the forests in towns. The authors research the frequency and the reasons for visiting forests with a public survey among the visitors of the forests of Rožnik Hill (R) and Golovec Hill (G) in Ljubljana. We examine how recognizable the Slovenia Forest Service is, the appropriateness of indications of forest works and the attitude towards coarse woody debris in forests. The purpose of this research was to find out the opinion of the surveyees about forest management, the forest ownership regulation, logging in these forests and about general feeling of visitors when they visit the forests. The survey (nonprobability sampling) was conducted in two parts, the first being a mass recreational event and the second an online survey. The survey was filled in by 788 surveyees in total, 555 of them being visitors of forests on Rožnik Hill and 349 of Golovec Hill. The results show that most of the surveyees (66.3%) walk through the forest at least once a week. The main reason for that are recreational activities (walking, jogging, and cycling). It is followed by relaxation after a hard day's work, walking the dog and retreat from people and bustling towns. The majority of the surveyees who visited the forests (R -69.2%, G - 67.0%) are relatively satisfied with the forest management. They are mostly disturbed by littering, destroyed benches and sign posts and coarse woody debris and damaged trees. The majority (R - 40.7%, G - 35.0%) said that the forest parcels should be bought or rented by the municipality, and here the share differs depending on location (bigger share on Rožnik Hill). Most of the surveyees (R - 87.0%, G - 86.7%) agree with occasional logging in these forests. Most of the surveyees (R - 77.5%, G - 74.4%) feel safe in the forests of Rožnik and Golovec Hill.
Magistrska naloga z različnih vidikov obravnava stanje urbanih gozdov v Sloveniji. V prvem delu je obravnavana prepoznavnost funkcij urbanih gozdov v strateških razvojnih dokumentih in zakonodaji s ...podrocij prostorskega razvoja ter ohranjanja narave in gozdarstva. Drugi, obsežnejši del raziskave predstavlja primerjalna analiza urbanih gozdov šestih najvecjih slovenskih mest: Ljubljane, Maribora, Celja, Kranja, Velenja in Novega mesta. Stanje urbanih gozdov teh mest je bilo ocenjeno z vidikov nekaterih elementov biotske raznovrstnosti, lastniške strukture in pravnega statusa. Poleg tega je bila izvedena analiza prisotnosti in pomena gozdov v urbanem okolju. Vloga urbanih gozdov v strateških dokumentih je relativno dobro prepoznana, čeprav so ti največkrat obravnavani v okviru zelenih površin ali zelenih sistemov mest. Urbani gozdni ekosistemi so z vidikov drevesne sestave, zgradbe razvojnih faz in biotske raznovrstnosti razmeroma dobro ohranjeni ter primerljivi z gozdovi na lokalni in regionalni ravni. Razlikujejo se predvsem po poudarjenih socialnih vlogah in funkcijah, njihov ekonomski vidik pa je manj izražen. Gozdnatost urbanih obmocij je bistveno nižja od lokalne in regionalne ravni. Površina gozdov na prebivalca je v urbanih območjih izbranih mest od 3-krat do 30-krat nižja od slovenskega povprečja. Lastniška struktura urbanih gozdov je zaradi prevladovanja razdrobljenih zasebnih gozdov neugodna. Občine v zadnjem desetletju sicer začenjajo prepoznavati pomen urbanih gozdov, vendar razen izjem z njimi ne upravljajo prilagojeno in dolgoročno. Kljub temu urbani gozdovi še vedno predstavljajo najmanj spremenjeno naravno okolje v neposredni bližini bivališč vedno večjega števila prebivalstva. Ponujajo dobre možnosti za vzgojo in ozavešcanje javnosti, zato so v prihodnosti lahko pomemben nosilec oblikovanja odnosa do narave in naravnih vrednot.
The master's thesis deals with the condition of urban forests in Slovenia from different aspects. The first part deals with the recognition of functions of urban forests in strategic development documents and in the legislation from the fields of spatial development, nature conservation and forestry. The second, the larger part of the research, represents the comparative analysis of the urban forests of the six largest Slovenian cities: Ljubljana, Maribor, Celje, Kranj, Velenje and Novo mesto. The condition of the urban forests of these cities was estimated from the views of some elements of biodiversity, ownership structure and legal status. Besides, the analysis of the presence and meaning of forests in urban environment was carried out. The role of the urban forests in strategic documents is relatively well recognized although these are mostly discussed in the context of green areas or urban green systems. The urban forest ecosystems are from the aspects of tree composition,structure of development phases and biodiversity relatively well preserved and comparable to the forests on a local and regional level. The main difference is highlighted by the emphasized social roles and functions but their economic aspect is less expressed. The forest share of the urban areas is significantly lower than the local and regional level. The area of forests per inhabitant is in the urban areas of the selected cities from 3 to 30 times lower than the Slovenian average. The ownership structure of the urban forests is unfavourable because of the predominance of fragmented private forests. In the last decade municipalities are beginning to recognize the meaning of urban forests. However, with few exceptions, they do not manage them with adjustments and they do not think long-term. Nevertheless, the urban forests still represent the least modified natural environment in the immediate vicinity of dwellings of the increasing number of inhabitants. They offer good opportunities for education and awareness of the public. Therefore, in the future they can be an important carrier of shaping the relationship to nature and nature values.
Primestni gozdovi Rogaške Slatine so obiskani tako s strani domačinov, kakor tudi turistov zaradi zdraviliškega turizma oz. ljudi iz okoliških krajev, ki te gozdove večinoma uporabljajo kot prostor ...za rekreacijo oziroma sprostitev. Ker v zadnjem času infrastruktura v teh gozdovih ni bila ne dosledno vzdrževana, ne nadgrajena, je bil naš namen ugotoviti kakšno je mnenje obiskovalcev o gospodarjenju s temi gozdovi. Podatki so bili pridobljeni s pomočjo spletnega anketiranja in pisnega anketiranja. Večina obiskovalcev primestnih gozdov Rogaške Slatine prihaja iz Občine Rogaška Slatina in primestne gozdove obišče enkrat letno ali nekajkrat na mesec ter se v gozdu zadrži od 30 minut do ene ure. Najpomembnejši razlog za obisk teh gozdov je rekreacija oziroma sprostitev, kot vrsto rekreacije pa obiskovalci gozdov največkrat izberejo hojo. Pri izbiri gozdnega prostora je obiskovalcem najpomembnejša prehodnost gozda, najbolj pa jih moti onesnaženost in slabo vzdrževane poti in steze. Želeli bi si več urejenih poti in smetnjakov. Menijo da bi morale biti v teh gozdovih najbolj poudarjene socialne funkcije obenem pa so mnenja, da so lastniki gozdov najbolj naklonjeni lesnoproizvodni funkciji. Obiskovalci gozdov so v splošnem zelo naklonjeni ideji ureditve neurejenega dela primestnega gozda v Rogaški Slatini in izgradnji nove različne infrastrukture v gozdu. Zavedajo se tudi pomena takih objektov za turizem in razvoj kraja.
Suburban forests of Rogaška Slatina are visited by both, locals and tourists. Tourists are especially attracted by spa tourism and they also use forests as a recreation area or a place to relax. Our goal was to collect and analyse public opinions about managing suburban forests of Rogaška Slatina, due to the fact that lately the infrastructure in these forests have not been appropriately and consistently maintained. Data was collected through a web based and a traditional survey. The majority of the participants are from municipality Rogaška Slatina and they visit suburban forests once per year or a few times per month. Mostly they spend from 30 minutes to one hour in the forests per visit. They most frequently visit the forest to exercise or relax, with walking being the most common type of exercise. When it comes to choosing a specific forest space, the most important factor is walkability, followed by peacefulness and accessibility. The majority of participants choose walking to access the forests and they usually gather information about them during the visit. The participants are the most disturbed by pollution, dumping grounds as well as poorly maintained roads and paths. They wish for more bins and better maintenance of the paths. The participants believe that the most emphasized functions of the Rogaška Slatina suburban forests should be their social functions
however, they also believe that the owners of the forests are the most fond of the wood production as the main function. Generally, participants support managing currently disorganized parts of the forests and building new infrastructure. They are aware of the importance of the forests for tourism and development of the town.
Diplomsko delo obravnava odnos javnosti do gozdov v mestih. Avtorica z anketo med obiskovalci gozdov na Rožniku (R) in Golovcu (G) v Ljubljani ugotavlja pogostost obiskov gozda in razloge zanje. ...Ugotavlja prepoznavnost Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije, primernost označb o delu v gozdu ter odnos do mrtvega drevja v gozdovih. Namen naloge je bil ugotoviti mnenje anketiranih o urejenosti gozdov, načinu ureditve lastništva, sečnji v teh gozdovih in o počutju ob obisku. Anketa (priložnostno, neverjetnostno vzorčenje) je bila izvedena v dveh delih - v sklopu množične rekreativne prireditve in na svetovnem spletu. Anketni vprašalnik je v celoti izpolnilo 788 oseb, v raziskavo je bilo vključenih 555 obiskovalcev gozdov na Rožniku in 349 obiskovalcev gozdov na Golovcu. Rezultati so pokazali, da gre večina anketiranih (66,3 %) vsaj enkrat na teden v gozd. Najpomembnejši razlog za obisk gozda je rekreacija (sprehod, tek, kolesarjenje). Sledijo sprostitev po napornem dnevu, sprehod s psom ter umik od ljudi in mestnega vrveža. Večina anketiranih (R - 69,2 %, G - 67,0 %) obiskovalcev je z urejenostjo gozdov relativno zadovoljna. Najbolj jih motijo smeti, uničene klopi in table, viseče, mrtvo in poškodovano drevje. Največji delež anketiranih (R - 40,7 %, G- 35,0 %) meni, da bi morala gozdne parcele bodisi odkupiti bodisi najeti občina, deleža pa se razlikujeta glede na lokacijo (večji delež na Rožniku). Večina anketiranih se strinja z občasno sečnjo v teh gozdovih (R -87,0 %, G - 86,7 %) in se v gozdovih Rožnika in Golovca počuti varno (R - 77,5 %, G - 74,4%).
This thesis examines the public attitude toward the forests in towns. The author researches the frequency and the reasons for visiting forests with a public survey among the visitors of the forests of Rožnik Hill (R) and GolovecHill (G) in Ljubljana. She examines how recognizable the Slovenia Forest Service is, the appropriateness of indications of forest works and the attitude towards coarse woody debris in forests. The purpose of this thesis was to find out the opinion of the surveyees about forest management, the forest ownership regulation, logging in these forests and about general feeling of visitors when they visit the forests. The survey (nonprobability sampling) was conducted in two parts, the first being a mass recreational event and the second an online survey. The survey was filled in by 788 surveyees in total, 555 of them being visitors of forests on Rožnik Hill and 349 of Golovec Hill. The results show that most of the surveyees (66.3%) walk through the forest at least once a week. The leading reason for that are recreational activities (walking, jogging, and cycling). It is followed by relaxation after a hard day's work, walking the dog and retreat from people and bustling towns. The majority of the surveyees who visited the forests (R -69.2%, G - 67.0%) are relatively satisfied with the forest management. They are mostly disturbed by littering, destroyed benches and sign posts and coarsewoody debris and damaged trees. The majority (R - 40.7%, G - 35.0%) saidthat the forest parcels should be bought or rented by the municipality, and here the share is different depending on the location (bigger share on Rožnik Hill). Most of the surveyees (R - 87.0%, G - 86.7%) agree with occasional logging in these forests. Most of the surveyees (R - 77.5%, G - 74.4%) feel safe in the forests of Rožnik and Golovec Hill.
V diplomskem delu so opisane žuželke in pršice, ki so bile odkrite v vegetacijski sezoni v letih 2010 in 2011 na lesnatih rastlinah, po metodi sprehoda, po vnaprej določenem transektu, na Jesenkovi ...poti v Ljubljani. Nabrani so bili vzorci (poškodbe in adulti žuželk) in določeni povzročitelji poškodb. Določenih je 27 različnih vrst žuželk in 8 različnih vrst pršic. Razvrščene so po drevesnih vrstah, na katerih so bile odkrite. Diplomsko delo je osredotočeno na 6 razmeroma novih in invazivnih vrst žuželk, ki so se pri nas pojavile sporadično, in sicer: Phyllonorycter issikii, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Obolodiplosis robiniae, Phyllonorycter robiniella, Parectopa robiniella ter Oxycarenus lavaterae. Opisana je njihova bionomija, širjenje, gostiteljske rastline ter ukrepi za kontrolo gostote populacije. Kostanjeva šiškarica (D. kuriphilus) se je leta 2010 pojavila na Rožniku v Ljubljani, je tujerodna invazivna vrsta, ki lahko povzroči večjo gospodarsko škodo. Ostali opisani škodljivi organizmi večinoma vplivajo na estetski videz rastlin. Namen diplomske naloge je pregled povzročiteljev poškodb na lesnatih rastlinah v urbanem okolju, opis poškodb in priporočila kako se lahko vpliva na velikost njihovih populacij z namenom omejitve poškodb na gostiteljih.
The thesis describes the insects and mites, that were discovered in the vegetation season in 2010 and 2011 on woody plants, by the method of the walk on a defined transect of Jesenkova pot in Ljubljana. Samples were collected (damages and adult insects) and the causes of injuries have been determined. 27 different insect species and 8 different species of mites, is determine. They are classified by tree species on which they were discovered. Thesis is focused on 6 relatively new and invasive insect species, that have occurred sporadically in our country, namely: Phyllonorycter issikii, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Obolodiplosis robiniae, Phyllonorycter robiniella, Parectopa robiniella and Oxycarenus lavaterae. Describes their bionomics, distribution, host plants and measures to control population density. Chesnut gall wasp (D. kuriphilus) was developed in 2010 at Rožnik in Ljubljana, is alien invasive species, that can cause significant economic damage. Other described pests mainly affecting the aesthetic appearance of the plant. The purpose of this thesis is to rerview causes of damage on woody plants in urban environment, description of the damages and how the recommendations could affect the size of their populations in order to limit the damage on the host plants.
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