Widespread genotyping has enabled the identification of putative recessive mutations that affect fertility through early embryonic fetal loss, or compromise neonate or calf viability. The use of ...artificial insemination in the global dairy population can rapidly spread these harmful mutations, and testing for multiple mutations can become relatively expensive if not all tests are available on the same SNP panel. However, it is possible to provide heifer and cow predicted carrier status to farmers at no additional cost if the animals are genotyped with a standard SNP panel. Additionally, for defects where the causal mutation is unknown, but a haplotype of markers has been associated with the defect, the carrier status can be predicted based on that haplotype. The aims of this study were 3-fold: 1) to determine the accuracy of imputation of putative causal mutations for recessive deleterious conditions in Australian dairy cattle, 2) to impute carrier status for known recessive deleterious conditions in all genotyped Australian Holstein, Jersey and Red breed cows, and 3) to determine the changes in carrier frequencies across time for these recessive deleterious mutations. We used the F1 statistic, combining precision and recall, to assess the accuracy of carrier status prediction. We showed that known deleterious mutations can be accurately imputed in Australian Holstein and Jersey cattle that are not directly genotyped for the causal mutation, with F1 ranging between 0.88 and 0.99. For recessive deleterious conditions not included on the standard Australian SNP panel, carrier status could be predicted using a marker haplotype, with F1 ranging from 0.91 to 0.92. Most putative causals and haplotypes were either stable with a low carrier percentage or had a declining carrier percentage. However, several recessive mutations showed a relatively high or increasing percentage, highlighting the importance of detecting carriers to reduce the number of at risk matings. Furthermore, the high carrier percentage of the recently identified Bovine Lymphocyte Intestinal Retention Defect (BLIRD) mutation emphasizes the importance of detection of novel mutations.
Background
Peristaltic pumps are commonly used in unit operations for the production of cellular therapeutics, with some geared toward shear-sensitive applications. However, cells can experience high ...shear stress when pumped through peristaltic pumps due to fluid path occlusion, resulting in reduced cell viability.
An innovative pump technology, the hybrid piston/diaphragm (HPD) pump, is an alternative to the peristaltic pump. The HPD pump may offer advantages for cell therapy unit operations due to its increased control capability and absence of occlusion to the fluid path, resulting in reduced shear stress.
An initial study was performed to measure cell viability effects of the two pumps at varying circulation times.
Aims: The purpose of the previous study was to compare the impact on cell viability of the HPD pump to the convex roller peristaltic (CRP) pump as a first consideration of this pump for cell therapy applications. The purpose for this study will remain the same, however, it incorporates the most used peristaltic pumps and Jurkat T-lymphocytes suspended in relevant solutions, representing real-world conditions for cell therapy processes.
Methods
While the initial study involved NIH-3T3 Mouse Fibroblast cells suspended in growth media, the follow-on study uses T cells in an industry-accepted suspension. The cell suspension is pumped through a tubing circuit, circulating for 5, 20, and 60 minutes in triplicate. Cell viability is determined using a hemacytometer and Presto Blue to determine cell viability as well as impact or disruption to the cell membrane. The cells are imaged using light microscopy 2 hours and 2 days post-circulation.
This follow-on study will add data from two additional commercially available pumps and be presented at ISCT2024.
The previous study served as a first step to show the potential of the HPD pump as an innovation in cell therapy unit operations. HPD pumps offer several advantages over the CRP pump such as true positive displacement pumps with highly adjustable pumping parameters. This study will compare two flat roller peristaltic pumps frequently seen in cell therapy processes to the HPD pump. Additionally, this study will look at the impact on cell viability for a more relevant cell line suspended in an appropriate process solution.
The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged supply chains (SC) on an unprecedented scale testing viability and adaptation under severe uncertainty. However, the literature on the adaptation strategies and ...quantification of their impacts is still scarce. Mixing literature analysis, case study approach, and quantitative techniques for performance assessment under disruptions, our study generalises four adaptations strategies - intertwining, scalability, substitution, and repurposing - to maintain SC viability when facing a pandemic, and offers a model to analyse and quantify deployment and impact of adaptation. First, we analyse the recent literature and identify some of the general characteristics of adaptation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then describe case studies to illustrate the practical context and supplement the literature analysis in order to derive relevant determinants for building of a conceptual framework and construction of a formal model. In the conceptual framework, we show how the adaptation strategies can be aligned with the SC viability, encompassing the levels of the ecosystem, network, and resources. In the generalised model, we formalise the impacts and efforts in deploying and assessing the adaptation strategies as both a process and an outcome. We close by proposing some open research questions and outline several future research directions.
Preserving the efficacy of probiotic bacteria exhibits paramount challenges that need to be addressed during the development of functional food products. Several factors have been claimed to be ...responsible for reducing the viability of probiotics including matrix acidity, level of oxygen in products, presence of other lactic acid bacteria, and sensitivity to metabolites produced by other competing bacteria. Several approaches are undertaken to improve and sustain microbial cell viability, like strain selection, immobilization technologies, synbiotics development etc. Among them, cell immobilization in various carriers, including composite carrier matrix systems has recently attracted interest targeting to protect probiotics from different types of environmental stress (e.g., pH and heat treatments). Likewise, to successfully deliver the probiotics in the large intestine, cells must survive food processing and storage, and withstand the stress conditions encountered in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hence, the appropriate selection of probiotics and their effective delivery remains a technological challenge with special focus on sustaining the viability of the probiotic culture in the formulated product. Development of synbiotic combinations exhibits another approach of functional food to stimulate the growth of probiotics. The aim of the current review is to summarize the strategies and the novel techniques adopted to enhance the viability of probiotics.
Dental avulsion is considered as one of the most
severe types of traumatic tooth injuries because it causes damage to several
structures and results in the complete displacement of the tooth from its
...socket in the alveolar bone. The ideal situation is to replant the tooth
immediately after avulsion because the extra oral time is an important
determinant for the success of the treatment and for a good prognosis. The aim
of this systematic review was to identify the recommended natural storage m to
store and transport avulsed tooth based on the survival capacity of periodontal
ligament cells.This paper reviews the different storage media that
have been evaluated for avulsed teeth based on full-length research papers
retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBO and SciELO electronic databases
using the key words ‘storage medium’, ‘avulsion’, ‘tooth avulsion’,
‘replantation’, ‘tooth replantation’, ‘milk’ and ‘propolis’. Based on the
application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, About 14 papers have been
selected and critically reviewed with respect to the characteristics, efficacy
and ease of access of the storage media. The review of this study shows and
includes a wide array of wet storage media that have been evaluated in
laboratory-based studies on PDL cells found on adult permanent teeth.
Among the natural products other than milk,
propolis, coconut water, green tea extract, egg white, green tea extract,
Alovera gel, pomegranate juice, salvia officinalis followed by dragon blood sap
(Croton Lechleri) were recommended based
on the cell viability and its longevity. In an emergency, it is important for
dentists to consider the circumstances of the accident, the location and
suggest an appropriate transport media.
ABSTRACT
In the past decade, research on long‐term persistence of phytoplankton resting stages has intensified. Simultaneously, insight into life‐cycle variability in the diverse groups of ...phytoplankton has also increased. Aquatic ‘seed banks’ have tremendous significance and show many interesting parallels to terrestrial seed beds of vascular plants, but are much less studied. It is therefore timely to review the phenomenon of long‐term persistence of aquatic resting stages in sediment seed banks. Herein we compare function, morphology and physiology of phytoplankton resting stages to factors central for persistence of terrestrial seeds. We review the types of resting stages found in different groups of phytoplankton and focus on the groups for which long‐term (multi‐decadal) persistence has been shown: dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. We discuss the metabolism of long‐term dormancy in phytoplankton resting stages and the ecological, evolutionary and management implications of this important trait. Phytoplankton resting stages exhibiting long‐term viability are characterized by thick, often multi‐layered walls and accumulation vesicles containing starch, lipids or other materials such as pigments, cyanophycin or unidentified granular materials. They are reported to play central roles in evolutionary resilience and survival of catastrophic events. Promising areas for future research include the role of hormones in mediating dormancy, elucidating the mechanisms behind metabolic shut‐down and testing bet‐hedging hypotheses.
Determination of cell viability is the most commonly used method for assessing the impact of various types of stressors in toxicity research and in industrial microbiology studies. Viability is ...defined as a percentage of live cells in a whole population. Although cell death is one of the consequences of toxicity, chemical or physical factors may exert their toxic effects through a number of cellular alterations that may compromise cell ability to divide without necessarily leading to cell death. This aspect represents the term ‘cell vitality’ defined as physiological capabilities of cells. It is important to note that cell viability and cell vitality represent two different aspects of cell functions, and both are required for the estimation of the physiological state of a cell after exposure to various types of stressors and chemical or physical factors. In this paper, we introduced a classification of available methods for estimating both viability and vitality in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells (wild‐type and Δsod1 mutant) in which the effects of selected oxidants causing oxidative stress is evaluated. We present the advantages as well as disadvantages of the selected methods and assess their usefulness in different types of research.
The objective of this study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify prognosis and identify factors associated with variations in reported mortality estimates among infants ...who were born at 22 weeks of gestation and provided proactive treatment (resuscitation and intensive care).
PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with no language restrictions, were searched for articles published from January 2000 to February 2020.
Reports on live-born infants who were delivered at 22 weeks of gestation and provided proactive care were included. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge; secondary outcomes included survival without major morbidity and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment. Because we expected differences across studies in the definitions for various morbidities, multiple definitions for composite outcomes of major morbidities were prespecified. Neurodevelopmental impairment was based on Bayley Scales of Infant Development II or III. Data extractions were performed independently, and outcomes agreed on a priori.
Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. An adapted version of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach for prognostic studies was used to evaluate confidence in overall estimates. Outcomes were assessed as prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Variabilities across studies attributable to heterogeneity were estimated with the I2 statistic; publication bias was assessed with the Luis Furuya-Kanamori index. Data were pooled using the inverse variance heterogeneity model.
Literature searches returned 21,952 articles, with 2034 considered in full; 31 studies of 2226 infants who were delivered at 22 weeks of gestation and provided proactive neonatal treatment were included. No articles were excluded for study design or risk of bias. The pooled prevalence of survival was 29.0% (95% confidence interval, 17.2–41.6; 31 studies, 2226 infants; I2=79.4%; Luis Furuya-Kanamori index=0.04). Survival among infants born to mothers receiving antenatal corticosteroids was twice the survival of infants born to mothers not receiving antenatal corticosteroids (39.0% vs 19.5%; P<.01). The overall prevalence of survival without major morbidity, using a definition that includes any bronchopulmonary dysplasia, was 11.0% (95% confidence interval, 8.0–14.3; 10 studies, 374 infants; I2=0%; Luis Furuya-Kanamori index=3.02). The overall rate of survival without moderate or severe impairment was 37.0% (95% confidence interval, 14.6–61.5; 5 studies, 39 infants; I2=45%; Luis Furuya-Kanamori index=−0.15). Based on the year of publication, survival rates increased between 2000 and 2020 (slope of the regression line=0.09; standard error=0.03; P<.01). Studies were highly diverse with regard to interventions and outcomes reported.
The reported survival rates varied greatly among studies and were likely influenced by combining observational data from disparate sources, lack of individual patient–level data, and bias in the component studies from which the data were drawn. Therefore, pooled results should be interpreted with caution. To answer fundamental questions beyond the breadth of available data, multicenter, multidisciplinary collaborations, including alignment of important outcomes by stakeholders, are needed.
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