Patients with intestinal fat malabsorption and urolithiasis are particularly at risk of acquiring fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vitamin status and ...metabolic profile before and after the supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K (ADEK) in 51 patients with fat malabsorption due to different intestinal diseases both with and without urolithiasis. Anthropometric, clinical, blood and 24-h urinary parameters and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and after ADEK supplementation for two weeks. At baseline, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was higher in stone formers (SF;
= 10) than in non-stone formers (NSF;
= 41) but decreased significantly in SF patients after supplementation. Plasma vitamin D and E concentrations increased significantly and to a similar extent in both groups during intervention. While plasma vitamin D concentrations did not differ between the groups, vitamin E concentrations were significantly lower in the SF group than the NSF group before and after ADEK supplementation. Although vitamin D concentration increased significantly in both groups, urinary calcium excretion was not affected by ADEK supplementation. The decline in plasma AST activity in patients with urolithiasis might be attributed to the supplementation of ADEK. Patients with fat malabsorption may benefit from the supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins ADEK.
Abstract Background and aims Chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients are at risk for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) deficiency, but available studies are small and heterogeneous. We conducted a ...systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of fat–soluble vitamins deficiency in CP patients. Methods Medline was searched up to January 2016 for case series and case-control studies reporting prevalence of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in CP patients. The prevalent deficiency rate was pooled for included studies, and deficiency rate between CP and controls, with relative odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated for case-control studies. Results Twelve studies including 548 patients included. With a random-effect model, the pooled prevalence rate of vitamin A, D and E deficiency were 16.8% (95%CI 6.9–35.7), 57.6% (95%CI 43.9–70.4) and 29.2% (95%CI 8.6–64.5) respectively, with considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 75%, 87.1% and 92%). Only one study evaluated vitamin K deficiency. The pooled OR for vitamin D deficiency in CP cases compared with controls was 1.17 (95% CI 0.77–1.78). Sensitivity analyses showed lower prevalence of vitamin A and E, and higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in high-quality studies. The rate of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency did not seem affect the deficiency rates, while the use of different cut-offs influences results and heterogeneity for vitamin E, but not A. Conclusions Fat-soluble vitamins deficiency is frequent in CP patients, with considerable heterogeneity. There is, however, no apparent increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in CP compared to controls. Larger, high-quality studies are necessary to better estimate the prevalence of fat-soluble vitamins deficiency, including vitamin K.
The by-products obtained after the extraction of vitamin Bsub.2 from fermented soybean (VBP), primarily consisting of soybean meal, soybean oil, vitamin Bsub.2, and Bacillus subtilis, may serve as a ...cost-effective and recycled resource in animal feed. This research aimed to assess the impact of VBP on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood parameters, and meat quality of pigs in the growing–finishing phase. In this 16-week feeding experiment, 140 pigs of mixed breed Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) were used, with an initial average body weight of 26.05 ± 1.32 kg. The pigs were assigned randomly to one of four dietary groups, each consisting of five pigs, with two gilts and three barrows per pen, and a total of seven repetitions per treatment. The animals were fed different levels of by-products after vitamin Bsub.2 extraction (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg as the CON, VBP10, VBP20, and VBP30 dietary groups, respectively) in a three-phase feeding trial (wk. 0–4, 4–8, and 8–13). When higher levels of VBP were added as supplements, the outcomes indicated that there were no notable variations (p > 0.05) in growth performance and nutrient digestibility among the treatment groups throughout the trial. In phase II (4–8 weeks), the inclusion of VBP in the diets showed a reduction (p = 0.011; with linear and quadratic effects, p = 0.003) in serum norepinephrine concentration. The sensory evaluation of meat color was linearly improved (p = 0.043) in pigs fed with graded levels of VBP supplementation. The percentage of lean meat showed a significant improvement (p = 0.016) with the gradual levels of VBP supplementation. The addition of 30 g/kg (on an as-fed basis) of vitamin B2 by-products in the diet can simultaneously mitigate the negative impacts of acute stress without compromising growth performance and enhance the percentage of lean meat. These findings suggest that VBP could be a viable and economical alternative to corn and soybean meal and partially replace it in pig feed.
The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the risk of ...infection, progression and severity are desperately needed. This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Moreover, this study determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 cases and deaths in 20 European countries as of 20 May 2020. A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries. However, the correlation of vitamin D with COVID-19 deaths of these countries was not significant. Some retrospective studies demonstrated a correlation between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, while other studies did not find the correlation when confounding variables are adjusted. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75–125nmol/L). In conclusion, there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.
Coba Sorb test was performed employing various doses (1.5, 3, 6, and 9 ug) and free forms (OH-B12 and CN B12) in vitamin B12 deficient(plasma B12 <148 pmol/L) and sufficient participants(Plasma B12> ...200 pmol/L). The participants received one daily dose of 3-pg CNB12 (CN-group), 3-microg HO-B12 (HO-group), or no supplementation (placebo group) for eight weeks No major differences were observed between males and females (data not shown).
Background: Due to the potentially crucial role of vitamin Ksub.2 in calcium metabolism, a deficit can disrupt many mechanisms, resulting in an array of different issues, such as broken bones, stiff ...arteries and poor fertility. Although there has been existing research, the potential of vitamin Ksub.2 as a treatment for conditions including cerebral palsy, parathyroid disease, heart disease and gastrointestinal disease is unknown. This review discusses the biochemistry of vitamin K and the metabolism of calcium, followed by an analysis of the current literature available on vitamin Ksub.2 and its prospects. Methods: Using public libraries including PubMed and Wiley, we searched for existing research on the metabolism and use of vitamin Ksub.2 that has been conducted in the preceding two decades. Results: Data indicated that vitamin Ksub.2 had a positive impact on osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, parathyroid disorders, cerebral palsy and sperm motility. Conclusion: Due to the existence of confounding variables and limitations in the quality and volume of research conducted, further investigation must be done to see whether the beneficial effects seen are reproducible and must assess the viability of vitamin Ksub.2 as treatment in isolation for these conditions.
Osteoporosis is a major health disorder associated with an increased risk of fracture. Nutrition is among the modifiable factors that influence the risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Calcium and ...vitamin D play important roles in improving bone mineral density and reducing the risk of fracture. Other vitamins appear to play a role in bone health as well. In this review, the findings of studies that related the intake and/or the status of vitamins other than vitamin D to bone health in animals and humans are summarized. Studies of vitamin A showed inconsistent results. Excessive, as well as insufficient, levels of retinol intake may be associated with compromised bone health. Deficiencies in vitamin B, along with the consequent elevated homocysteine level, are associated with bone loss, decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fracture. Deficiencies in vitamins C, E, and K are also associated with compromised bone health; this effect may be modified by smoking, estrogen use or hormonal therapy after menopause, calcium intake, and vitamin D. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutrition in preserving bone mass and reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
Vitamins' deficiency in humans is an important threat worldwide and requires solutions. In the concept of natural biofactory for bioactive compounds production, microalgae represent one of the most ...promising targets filling many biotechnological applications, and allowing the development of an eco-sustainable production of natural bioactive metabolites. Vitamins are probably one of the cutting edges of microalgal diversity compounds.
Microalgae can usefully provide many of the required vitamins in humans, more than terrestrial plants, for instance. Indeed, vitamins D and K, little present in many plants or fruits, are instead available from microalgae. The same occurs for some vitamins B (B
, B
, B
), while the other vitamins (A, C, D, E) are also provided by microalgae. This large panel of vitamins diversity in microalgal cells represents an exploitable platform in order to use them as natural vitamins' producers for human consumption. This study aims to provide an integrative overview on vitamins content in the microalgal realm, and discuss on the great potential of microalgae as sources of different forms of vitamins to be included as functional ingredients in food or nutraceuticals for the human health. We report on the biological roles of vitamins in microalgae, the current knowledge on their modulation by environmental or biological forcing and on the biological activity of the different vitamins in human metabolism and health protection.
Finally, we critically discuss the challenges for promoting microalgae as a relevant source of vitamins, further enhancing the interests of microalgal "biofactory" for biotechnological applications, such as in nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals.
Vitamin deficiency is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Supplementation of vitamins could thus serve as an adjunctive therapy. The present meta-analysis reviews the ...deficiencies and alterations in serum fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) reported in IBD patients.
PubMed database search was performed to identify all primary studies up to January 2015 that evaluated the serum concentrations of fat-soluble vitamin levels in IBD patients compared with healthy individuals. We estimated pooled mean differences between groups and estimated their relations with some compounding variables (age, disease duration, C-reactive protein, albumin), using a meta-regression analysis.
Nineteen case-control studies met selection criteria. In patients with Crohn's disease (CD), vitamin A, D, E, K status was lower than in controls D=212 μg/L.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 95.36-330.48 μg/L, P=0.0002; D=6.97 nmol/L, 95% CI, 1.61-12.32 nmol/L, P=0.01; D=4.72 μmol/L, 95% CI, 1.60-7.84 μmol/L, P=0.003; D=1.46 ng/mL, 95% CI, 0.48-2.43 ng/mL, P=0.003, respectively. Patients with ulcerative colitis had lower levels of vitamin A than controls (D=223.22 μg/L, 95% CI, 44.32-402.12 μg/L, P=0.01). Patients suffering from CD for a longer time had lower levels of vitamins A (95% CI=7.1-67.58 y, P=0.02) and K (95% CI, 0.09-0.71 y, P=0.02). Meta-regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant associations between the levels of inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein (P=0.03, 95% CI, -9.74 to -0.6 mgl/L) and albumin (P=0.0003, 95% CI, 402.76-1361.98 g/dL), and vitamin A status in CD patients.
Our meta-analysis shows that the levels of fat-soluble vitamins are generally lower in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and their supplementation is undoubtedly indicated.
Vitamin D is fundamental for bone health. A high proportion of Canadian 2- to 8-y-olds do not meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 400 IU/d.
The objective was to determine whether vitamin ...D intakes consistent with the EAR or Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), through fortification of additional dairy products, would result in higher vitamin D status in young children.
Participants aged 2-8 y (n = 77; Montreal, Canada) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary vitamin D targets (control; EAR: 400 IU/d; or RDA: 600 IU/d) for 12 wk (January to April 2014). Anthropometric measurements, demographic characteristics, dietary intakes, fasting serum parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D, and ionized calcium were compared by using mixed-model ANOVA.
Participants' mean ± SD age was 5.1 ± 1.9 y; 54.5% were boys with body mass index z scores of 0.50 ± 0.85. Compliance was 85% overall. No differences were observed in baseline dietary vitamin D intakes or serum 25(OH)D. At 12 wk, the EAR and RDA groups had significantly higher vitamin D intakes median (IQR): control, 227 (184-305) IU/d; EAR, 410 (363-516) IU/d; and RDA, 554 (493-653) IU/d; P < 0.05 and serum 25(OH)D concentrations (control: 55.8 ± 12.3 nmol/L; EAR: 64.1 ± 10.0 nmol/L; and RDA: 63.7 ± 12.4 nmol/L; P < 0.05) than the control group. Ninety-six percent of children in the EAR and RDA groups and 67% of the control group had 25(OH)D concentrations ≥50 nmol/L.
Increasing the vitamin D intakes of young children through fortification of alternative dairy products results in significantly higher serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and a significantly greater proportion of children with serum 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L during periods of minimal ultraviolet B radiation exposure. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02097160 and had Health Canada Temporary Marketing Authorization Letters for both products (TM-13-0432 and TM-13-0433).
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