Aftershock identification plays an important role in the assessment and characterization of large earthquakes. Especially, the length of the aftershock sequence is an important aspect of declustering ...earthquake catalogues and therefore impacts the frequency of earthquakes in a certain region, which is important for future seismic hazard assessment. However, in intraplate regions with low deformation rates and low to moderate seismicity, it is still questionable if aftershocks after a major event may continue for much longer time. In this study, we use one of the earliest instrumentally recorded earthquakes, the 1906 Dobrá Voda earthquake (Ms/I
=5.7/VIII-IX), to compare different approaches of aftershock determination and their suitability for understanding the recorded earthquake sequence. The Dobrá Voda segment of the Vienna Basin Transfer Fault System is one of the seismically most active zones in Slovakia with the 1906 earthquake as the strongest recorded earthquake. We first assess the epicentral intensity of the earthquake according to the Environmental Intensity Scale (ESI2007) using contemporary descriptions of earthquake effects. This additional information leads to constrain the maximal intensity to IESI2007=IX. This result agrees well with first the assessment of Imax in 1907 and indicates the reliability of this intensity data. In the second step, earthquake data are plotted for two spatial windows extending 13 km and 26 km from the epicenter of the mainshock, respectively. Despite uncertainties regarding the completeness of data due to war times and lack of nearby seismic stations, the overall temporal evolution of seismicity can apparently not be described as an Omori-type aftershock sequence following the event in 1906. Instead, earthquake occurrence within 13 km of the mainshock shows elevated earthquake activity right after the 1906 event that only decays to a lower level of activity within decades after the mainshock. The decline of seismicity therefore occurs over time scales which are much longer than those predicted by the Omori relation. We conclude that today’s seismic activity may still be affected by the 1906 earthquake.
Gospodarenje vodama u funkciji poljoprivredne proizvodnje predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih grana vodnog gospodarstva. Navodnjavanje je melioracijska mjera kojom se putem hidrotehničkog sustava dovodi ...voda na zemljište zbog postizanja vlažnosti neophodne za rast i razvoj biljke. Činjenica je da se navodnjavanjem postiže stabilnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja koja podrazumijeva više i kvalitetnije prinose. U ovom radu dana je šira slika navodnjavanja u kontinentalnom dijelu Hrvatske tj. razvoj sustava navodnjavanja koji predstavlja preduvjet za stabilizaciju poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Razvoj i unapređenje zaštite od štetnog djelovanja voda predstavlja osnovni uvjet održivosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje na poljoprivrednim površinama unutar inundacija većeg dijela hrvatskih vodotoka. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja korištenja voda u sustavu navodnjavanja temeljem Planova navodnjavanja tj. pregled prostornih pogodnosti zemljišta za navodnjavanje na prostoru Koprivničko-križevačke županije, Virovitičko-podravske i Varaždinske županije, a sve u funkciji unapređenja održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Nastavno je prikazan zakonodavni okvir, strateška i planska osnova koji definiraju gospodarenje vodama u Hrvatskoj, a uz poseban osvrt na dio koji definira način i uvjete gospodarenja vodama u domeni navodnjavanja poljoprivrednih proizvodna.
There are a number of springs on the territory of Lviv, water from which is used by the city residents. It should be noted that natural resources cannot be systematically used by the population for ...drinking purposes, as they are not sources of centralized water supply and, accordingly, do not have service personnel. No sanitary protection zones have been established for such sources, within which economic activities are prohibited. In this regard, the quality of water from such natural sources has unstable indicators, which depend on many factors of man-made and natural factors (sanitary-chemical and sanitary-microbiological indicators can sometimes fluctuate within one week), which makes it unfit for human consumption and can lead to acute intestinal infections of bacterial and viral etiology, a number of infectious diseases. The article considers the current ecological, microbiological state of natural sources of the city of Lviv. The necessity, and hence the relevance of the analysis and detailed microbiological assessment of water quality of springs in the city of Lviv, namely: springs № 1 in the park "Zalizna Voda" (Lviv, Ternopilska Street); springs № 2 in the park "Zalizna Voda" (Lviv, Myshuhy Street); springs № 3 in Stryiskyi Park (Lviv, Stryiska Street). A sociological survey of city residents on the use and consumption of water from the studied sources was conducted. The results of the analysis were compared with the list of maximum concentration limits of harmful substances in water bodies in accordance with the order № 400 from 12.05.2010 on approval of State sanitary norms and rules “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” (DSanPiN 2.2.4-171-10).
Točne i precizne metode za mjerenje aktivnosti 226Ra i 222Rn u pitkim vodama, kao i u površinskim i podzemnim vodama, nužne su kako bi se procijenilo izlaganje zračenju i radiološki rizik za zdravlje ...stanovništva. Tekućinska scintilacijska spektrometrija (tzv. liquid scintillation counting, krat. LSC) veoma je pogodna metoda za koju je potrebno pripremiti bilo monofazne (homogene) ili dvofazne uzorke. Cilj našega istraživanja bio je usporediti detekcijsku učinkovitost spomenutih metoda na stvarnim uzorcima iz Niške Banje s povišenom koncentracijom aktivnosti 222Rn, u koje je dodana otopina standarda 226Ra, što je dalo uvid u ponašanje tih uzoraka, njihovu stabilnost i utjecaj 226Ra na mjerenje koncentracije 222Rn. Prisutnost 226Ra može se preciznije detektirati u homogenim uzorcima, a dvofazna metoda pouzdanija je pri mjerenju sadržaja 222Rn s manjim 226Ra doprinosom u dobivenim rezultatima. Međutim, u monofaznim uzorcima dobiva se veća točnost pri neizravnom mjerenju koncentracija aktivnosti 226Ra. Nakon uspostavljanja radioaktivne ravnoteže između 222Rn i 226Ra u uzorku, primijećeno je da kokteli koji se ne miješaju s vodom (u dvofaznim uzorcima) imaju ograničeni kapacitet za transfer radijeva potomka 222Rn iz vode u organsku fazu. Također smo zaključili da se uzorci s prirodno povišenim sadržajem 222Rn ne trebaju obogaćivati višim koncentracijama 226Ra od onih pronađenih u stvarnim uzorcima te da je kalibriranje metode s dvofaznim uzorcima izazovno pri mjerenjima koja traju duže vrijeme. Daljnja istraživanja zahtijevaju obogaćivanje znatno nižim koncentracijama 226Ra radi dobivanja praktičnih odgovora na pitanja koja proizlaze iz demonstriranih fenomena.
Čedalje večja rast prebivalstva in gospodarski razvoj povzročata onesnaženje vodnih virov in slabšanje njihovega ekološkega stanja. Eden izmed pristopov k reševanju tega problema zajema trajnostno ...upravljanje in načrtovanje povodij. V skladu z mednarodnimi sporazumi o varovanju povodij je Turčija začela temeljito spreminjati proces upravljanja in načrtovanja povodij. Trajnostno upravljanje vodnih virov, ki vključuje razne gospodarske, socialne in ekološke vidike, pa ni preprosto. V članku so trajnostni kazalniki razvrščeni po pomembnosti z vidika zagotavljanja dolgoročne vzdržnosti vodnih virov, za vrednotenje trajnostnih dejavnikov pri načrtovanju vodnih virov in povodij pa je uporabljena metoda analitičnega hierarhičnega procesa. Ob upoštevanju, da imajo lahko različni strokovnjaki različna mnenja, sta izbrane dejavnike ovrednotili dve skupini anketirancev (tj. univerzitetni učitelji in drugi strokovnjaki), izsledki raziskave pa so pokazali stopnjo ujemanja med njihovimi pogledi. Skupini sta podobno ovrednotili družbene, upravljavske in gospodarske dejavnike, glede dejavnikov rabe zemljišč in ekoloških dejavnikov pa so se njihova mnenja močno razlikovala. Izsledki raziskave kažejo, da bi bilo treba za oblikovanje ustreznega modela vrednotenja vodnogospodarskih načrtov povodij najprej ugotoviti in uskladiti nasprotujoča si mnenja različnih strokovnjakov.
This book presents an evidence-based approach to landscape planning and design for urban blue spaces that maximises the benefits to human health and well-being while minimising the risks. Based on ...applied research and evidence from primary and secondary data sources stemming from the EU-funded BlueHealth project, the book presents nature-based solutions to promote sustainable and resilient cities. Numerous cities around the world are located alongside bodies of water in the form of coastlines, lakes, rivers and canals, but the relationship between city inhabitants and these water sources has often been ambivalent. In many cities, water has been polluted, engineered or ignored completely. But, due to an increasing awareness of the strong connections between city, people, nature and water and health, this paradigm is shifting. The international editorial team, consisting of researchers and professionals across several disciplines, leads the reader through theoretical aspects, evidence, illustrated case studies, risk assessment and a series of validated tools to aid planning and design before finishing with overarching planning and design principles for a range of blue-space types. Over 200 full-colour illustrations accompany the case-study examples from geographic locations all over the world, including Portugal, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, the US, South Korea, Singapore, Norway and Estonia. With green and blue infrastructure now at the forefront of current policies and trends to promote healthy, sustainable cities, Urban Blue Spaces is a must-have for professionals and students in landscape planning, urban design and environmental design. Open Access for the book was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 666773
Unsko-sanska županija bogata je prirodnom izvorskom vodom, kojom se opskrbljuje stanovništvo. Po prvi put je ispitana procjena kakvoće toksičnih i esencijalnih teških metala i metaloida u vodi za ...piće iz više izvorišta u osam općina i to: Bihaću, Cazinu, Bosanskoj Krupi, Bužimu, Velikoj Kladuši, Bosanskom Petrovcu, Sanskom Mostu i Ključu. U svibnju 2016. godine iz svake općine analizirano je po tri uzorka vode (ukupno 24). Mjerene su koncentracije arsena, olova, kadmija, kroma, nikla, kobalta, molibdena, fosfora, cinka i bakra. U pet uzoraka vode uočene su povećane koncentracije za Ni (do 20 µg dm–3) i Cr (do 50 µg dm–3) i smatraju se prirodnim podrijetlom. Međutim, u većem broju uzoraka (osam) koncentracije As su odstupale od dozvoljenih (do 10 µg dm–3), s maksimumom od 14,05 µg dm–3 i vjerojatno su od samog sastava zemljišta, ali i antropogenih izvora zbog postojanja odlagališta otpada u široj regiji izvorišta. Vrijednosti koncentracija ostalih elemenata Cd, Pb, Co, Cu, P, Mo i Zn bile su u granicama maksimalno dozvoljenih propisanih Pravilnicima u BiH, Direktivom o vodi za ljudsku potrošnju 98/83/EC, kao i smjernicama Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (WHO). Sadržaj teških metala i metaloida u vodi za piće na području Unsko-sanske županije, osim za As ne predstavljaju opasnost za zdravlje ljudi.
The Una-Sana Canton is rich in natural spring water that supplies the population. Performed for the first time was a quality assessment of toxic and essential heavy metals and metalloids in drinking water from several sources in eight municipalities: Bihac, Cazin, Bosanska Krupa, Buzim, Velika Kladusa, Bosanski Petrovac, Sanski Most, and Kljuc. In May 2016, three samples were taken from each municipality (total 24). The concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, phosphorus, zinc, and copper were measured. In a small number of water samples, slightly increased concentrations of Ni (up to 20 µg dm–3) and Cr (up to 50 µg dm–3) were found, and considered to be of natural origin. However, in the majority of samples, the As concentrations differed from the allowed concentration (up to 10 µg dm–3), with a maximum of 14.05 µg dm–3, which probably originates from the very composition of the soil, but also from anthropogenic sources due to the existence of a landfill in the wider region of the source. The concentrations of other elements, Cd, Pb, Co, Cu, P, Mo, and Zn were within the maximum permissible limits prescribed by the Regulations of B&H, the EU Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC, as well as the WHO guidelines. Except for As, the content of heavy metals and metalloids in the drinking water of Una-Sana Canton is not a danger to human health.
Velika ekonomska kriza koja se u posljednjem desetljeću osjeća u cijelom svijetu ponovno je potakla razmišljanja o potrebi “reindustrijalizacije”. Reindustrijalizacija je ekonomski, društveni, ...ekološki i politički proces upravljanja nacionalnim resursima s ciljem revitalizacije industrije i ostalih gospodarskih aktivnosti, a oslanja se na razvoj i primjenu novih i inovativnih tehnologija. U okviru takvih nastojanja kemijsko inženjerstvo ima odlučujuću ulogu. Prema mišljenju mnogih znanstvenika reindustrijalizacija i razvoj “industrije za budućnost” temeljit će se na tri ključna područja: očuvanju i remedijaciji okoliša, uštedi energije i poticanju razvoja obnovljivih izvora energije te zaštiti ljudskog zdravlja. To nameće i potrebu prilagodbe sustava visokog obrazovanja novim industrijskim i ekonomskim izazovima.
U novije vrijeme sve se češće susrećemo s postignućima koja izlaze iz okvira “tradicionalnog” kemijskog inženjerstva, a uglavnom se zasnivaju na primjeni novog pristupa poznatog pod nazivom intenzifikacija procesa. Znanstvenici i inženjeri intenzivno rade na otkriću novih procesnih uređaja i tehnika, što predstavlja velik iskorak u odnosu na dosadašnja saznanja o kemijskim procesnim postrojenjima i omogućava razvoj integriranih, sigurnijih, energetski učinkovitijih i ekološki prihvatljivijih tehnologija. Zahvaljujući snažnom razvoju znanosti i sve većem interesu javnosti za to područje, intenzifikacija procesa postupno se počinje izdvajati kao nova disciplina unutar kemijskog inženjerstva.
Zbog opsežnosti problematike u ovom radu ilustrirani su primjeri naprednih izvedbi fotokatalitičkih reaktora razvijenih primjenom metodologije intenzifikacije procesa, uključujući fotokatalitičke reaktore s rotirajućim diskom/bubnjem, mikroreaktore, membranske reaktore (sa suspendiranim i imobiliziranim fotokatalizatorom), keramičke monolite s optičkim vlaknima te uobičajene izvedbe solarnih reaktora. Istraživanja u tom području predstavljaju velik izazov s obzirom na mogućnost primjene takvih sustava za rješavanje globalnih problema u zaštiti okoliša, primarno onih vezanih uz pročišćavanje voda, otpadnih voda, uključujući i uklanjanje postojanih organskih spojeva i patogenih mikroorganizama iz vodenih resursa.
The global economic crisis that has been reigning in the last decade has once again encouraged thinking about the need for “reindustrialization”. Reindustrialization is an economic, social, environmental, and political process of managing national resources in order to revitalize industry and other economic activities, relying on the development and application of new and innovative technologies. Chemical engineering thereby has a crucial role. According to many scientists, the reindustrialization and development of the “industry for the future” will be based on three key areas: preservation and remediation of the environment, saving energy and encouraging the development of renewable energy sources, and protecting human health. This also highlights the need to adapt the higher education system to new industrial and economic challenges.
Today, we are confronted more and more with achievements that go beyond the framework of “traditional” chemical engineering, which are mainly based on the application of a new approach known as process intensification. Scientists and engineers are intensely working on discovering new process devices and techniques, making a major step forward by enabling the development of integrated, safer, more energy efficient, and environmentally friendly technologies. Due to scientific advancement and growing public interest, process intensification is gradually starting to stand out as a new discipline within chemical engineering.
Due to the scope of this issue, this paper illustrates some examples of advanced photocatalytic reactors developed using process intensification methodology, including rotating disk/drum photocatalytic reactors, microreactors, membrane reactors (with suspended and immobilized photocatalyst), optical fibre ceramic monoliths, and some representatives of the solar reactors. Research in this area represents a major challenge considering the possibility of application of such systems in solving global environmental problems, primarily those related to water and wastewater treatment, including the removal of persistent organic compounds and pathogenic microorganisms from water resources.
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