Sprouting is a natural process that enhances the nutritional and sensory profile of cereal-based foods. The present work addressed the possibility of using refined flour from sprouted wheat (SWF) to ...improve the bread-making performance of some flours in place of conventional improvers - i.e. enzymatic improver (EI) and malt (M). Either 0.5% EI or M was added to the control flour (CTRL), as conventionally used in bakeries, whereas SWF was used up to 2%. Unlikely EI and M, 1.5% SWF showed a gluten aggregation strength similar to that of the CTRL, suggesting no worsening of the protein network characteristics. As for the leavening properties, dough development increased, thanks to the enrichment with 1.5% SWF. In addition, presence of SWF improved the amount of gas production during leavening-resulting in bread with high specific volume - and the crumb softness during storage. Addition of SWF may represent a valid alternative to enzymatic improvers or malt for improving the technological performance of wheat flours.
•Sprouting was carried out in an industrial plant under controlled conditions.•Sprouting enhanced the enzymatic activities of the flour.•Sprouted wheat flour (SWF) improved dough properties even at low percentage (1.5%).•SWF can replace conventional processing aids, as malt or other enzymatic improvers.
•NMR cryoporometry was adopted to the characterization pore size distribution in coal.•NMR intensity result for the coal was calibrated to get reliable pore size distribution.•NMR cryoporometry ...yields a higher pore volume magnitude, compared to low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption and desorption (LTNAD).•Pore size distribution can be directly obtained by NMR cryoporometry, based on the linear relation between pore volume and signal intensity and the relationship between the melting point and pore size.
The characterization of coal pore structure is extremely important to coalbed methane exploitation and the prevention of gas disaster in coal mines. Various techniques have been employed to characterize the pore size distribution (PSD) in coals. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) cryoporometry is a relative new technique that can be applied to obtain PSD of porous materials. However, seldom works has been done on coals by NMR cryoporometry. In this paper, PSD of six coal samples ranges from medium to high rank are measured by NMR cryoporometry. Low-temperature liquid N2 adsorption and desorption (LTNAD) experiments are also carried out on the same samples for the comparison analysis. NMR cryoporometry can directly obtain the PSD from the linear relation between pore volume and signal intensity and the relationship between the melting point and pore size. It was also found that there is a good correlation between the results obtained by NMR cryoporometry and LTNAD. It was found that NMR cryoporometry yields higher pore volume value than LTNAD. Drying induced pores shrinkage/collapse in LTNAD measurement is the main reason causing pore volume measured by NMR cryoporometry is larger than by LTNAD. We also found the difference between NMR and LTNAD correlated with the coal moisture content. Based on the obtained experimental data, it is found that the influence of moisture content on the difference between these two techniques decreases with the increase of pore specific volume.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) make up a most-recent category of ‘green’ solvents with a potentially promising future. Insignificant vapor pressure, biodegradability, low cost, task-specific ...engineering, and high absorption for gases such as CO2 are the most important characteristics of most DESs. To apply DESs in various industries, knowledge of their physical properties is vital. Since the viscosity of a DES is a strong function of temperature, as well as the ratio of the hydrogen bond donating and accepting components, to estimate the viscosity behavior, a model based on sound theory is proposed in this study, i.e., the free volume theory. Since DESs are strongly associating components, this theory is enriched by using associating equations of state, namely CPA and PC-SAFT. In this study, a large density and viscosity databank of 27 DESs of different nature, also with varying molar ratios of the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, were used to propose the model. In this way, a global model is presented for the first time to estimate the viscosities of DESs. The pseudo-component approach, with a 2B association scheme, was considered for the DESs. Both the CPA and the PC-SAFT EoSs, coupled with the free volume theory, showed reliable results, with average AARD% values in viscosity for all of the investigated DESs equal to 2.7% and 2.7%, respectively. Furthermore, both models reliably showed the trend of nearly logarithmic increase in DES viscosity with decreasing temperature. Also, both models accurately estimated the viscosity behavior of the DESs by not only changing the molecular nature of the hydrogen bond donor with a fixed hydrogen bond acceptor, but also at all of the various molar ratios investigated.
•General models are proposed for the viscosities of various families of DESs.•The viscosities of the DESs are modeled by the free volume theory.•The CPA and PC-SAFT EoSs are coupled with the free volume theory.•Total AARD% values below 3% show the reliable results of both proposed models.
•Starches isolated from frozen soft and hard wheat dough were investigated.•Freezing effect was more pronounced in hard group than in the soft group.•Freezing-treated hard wheat starch (HWS) had more ...damaged starch.•HWS showed lower amounts of proteins, lipids and amylose after freezing treatment.•Freezing-treated HWS had a lower bread specific volume and harder crumb firmness.
Properties of starches isolated from soft and hard wheat dough after freezing/thawing (F/T) treatment were investigated. Significance of results was observed between isolated hard wheat starch (HWS) and soft wheat starch (SWS), but both cultivars showed an increase in the amounts of damaged starch and leaching proteins, lipids, and amylose with F/T cycles. The freezing-treated HWS exhibited a higher swelling power and peak, trough, breakdown and final viscosity than SWS after F/T treatment. The onset, peak and conclusion gelatinization temperatures and the enthalpy of the isolated HWS determined by differential scanning calorimetry, decreased throughout F/T cycles. Concomitantly, the bread containing freezing-treated HWS exhibited a lower bread specific volume and harder crumb firmness, which might be associated with its significant structural changes induced by F/T treatment.
In order to simulate nanofluid MHD transportation in a permeable cavity, Darcy law is utilized. Impacts of radiation parameter, buoyancy and Lorentz forces on nanofluid characteristics have been ...depicted via CVFEM. Al2O3-water nanofluid is selected considering shape factor and Brownian motion impacts on its properties. Results reveal that conduction mode improves with rise of magnetic forces. So, thermal boundary layer becomes thinner with increase of magnetic forces.
•Nanofluid natural convection in porous media is simulated using CVFEM.•Radiation and magnetic field effects are taken into account.•Darcy model is selected for porous media.•Nuave augments with rise of radiation parameter.
The properties of rice flour are very important for making gluten-free rice bread. In this study, rice flour was prepared using different milling methods (wet-milling, cyclone-milling and ...ultrafine-milling) to investigate their effect on the properties of gluten-free rice bread. The milling method was found to significantly affect the damaged starch content, state of the starch granule, gelatinization temperature and absorption enthalpy of rice flour (p < 0.05). The starch granules of flour prepared by wet milling had a high integrity, low damaged starch content (2.80 g/100 g), high gelatinization temperature, and high values of absorption enthalpy and gel strength compared to ultrafine-milling and cyclone-milling methods. As the deformation of the starch in the rice grains decreased, the amount of completely gelatinized starch granules in the bread decreased, with its specific volume also decreasing from 3.1 to 1.2 mL/g. Increase in starch damage content was observed to decrease the specific volume of bread, consequently increasing the hardness of bread. Also, uneven pores were observed, and the number and size of internal pores decreased. This indicated that wet-milled rice flour with a low content of damaged starch and higher starch granules integrity produced better gluten-free rice bread.
•Damaged starch content has a significant effect on rice bread.•Wet milled flour has lower damaged starch content and more intact starch granules.•Compared with ultrafine and cyclone, wet-flour is more suitable for making bread.•Rice flour with low damaged starch content is a good material for making rice bread.•Starch granules that are not fully gelatinized in baking may help form texture.
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Novel organic-inorganic composite membranes were prepared conveniently by compositing of carbon dots (CDs) possessing different hydrophilicity into the low cost blended polymers of ...polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethersulfone (PES). The hydrophilicity of the CDs arises from its surface hydrophilic groups, which could be adjusted by controlling the reaction temperature and duration time. A series of homogeneous composite membranes doping with different hydrophilic CDs of up to about 10 wt% were obtained. Comprehensive characterizations were made in order to know the influence of different hydrophilic CDs on the properties of the prepared membranes. It is found that the doped CDs could cause the change in microphase separation and benefit proton conduction of the composite membranes. The more doped CDs, the higher the conductivity. A highest conductivity of 0.086 S cm−1 was reached by a composite membrane doped with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic CDs. Moreover, the incorporated CDs brought on the changes in properties of the composite membranes including free volume, hydrophilicity, acid doping level and swelling. A single fuel cell test was made based on the CDs blended membrane and indicating its potential to be used as the membrane electrolyte in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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