According to different damage modes, warheads are roughly divided into three types: fragmentation warheads, shaped charge warheads, and penetrating warheads. Due to limitations in material and ...structural manufacturing, traditional manufacturing methods make it difficult to fully utilize the damage ability of the warhead. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology can fabricate complex structures, with classified materials composition and customized components, while achieving low cost, high accuracy, and rapid production of the parts. The maturity of AM technology has brought about a new round of revolution in the field of warheads. In this paper, we first review the principles, classifications, and characteristics of different AM technologies. The development trends of AM technologies are pointed out, including multi-material AM technology, hybrid AM technology, and smart AM technology. From our survey, PBF, DED, and EBM technologies are mainly used to manufacture warhead damage elements. FDM and DIW technologies are mainly used to manufacture warhead charges. Then, the research on the application of AM technology in three types of warhead and warhead charges was reviewed and the existing problems and progress of AM technologies in each warhead were analyzed. Finally, we summarized the typical applications and look forward to the application prospects of AM technology in the field of warheads.
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Abstract
In order to study the damage effect of blast-killing warhead on steel target at different falling velocities and falling angles, AUTODYN-3D software was used to numerically simulate the ...damage of blast-killing warhead on steel target at different falling velocitis and falling angles using SPH algorithm. The results show that the hole shape of the target plate is quadrilateral when the falling angle is 0°, the hole shape of the target plate is round when the falling angle is 90°, the hole shape of the target plate is circular and fan-shaped when the falling angle is 30° and 60°. At the same falling angle, the hole area of the target plate increases with the increase of falling velocities. At the same falling velocities, the hole area of the target plate increases first and then decreases with the increase of falling angle.
Precession is a typical micromotion of a ballistic missile warhead in the middle of the trajectory. The modulation of the narrow-band radar echo by the precession warhead is mainly reflected in the ...micro-Doppler effect, which is manifested as the Doppler frequency of the echo periodically changing with time. In the article, an estimation method of precession parameters for warhead with fins using time-frequency analysis and dual radars is proposed. The estimated parameters include precession angle, spinning angular velocity, and coning angular velocity. The geometric and signal model of the precession warhead are established and the analytical expression of the Doppler frequency is deduced. Then, the precession parameters are obtained using the dual view angles of dual radars in this article. Simulation experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Covalent drugs have been used for more than hundred years, but gathered larger interest in the last two decades. There are currently over a 100 different electrophilic warheads used in covalent ...ligands, and there are several considerations tailoring their reactivity against the target of interest, which is still a challenging task.
This review aims to give an overview of electrophilic warheads used for protein labeling in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. The warheads are discussed by targeted residues, mechanism and selectivity, and analyzed through three different datasets including our collection of warheads, the CovPDB database, and the FDA approved covalent drugs. Moreover, the authors summarize general practices that facilitate the selection of the appropriate warhead for the target of interest.
In spite of the numerous electrophilic warheads, only a fraction of them is used in current drug discovery projects. Recent studies identified new tractable residues by applying a wider array of warhead chemistries. However, versatile, selective warheads are not available for all targetable amino acids, hence discovery of new warheads for these residues is needed. Broadening the toolbox of the warheads could result in novel inhibitors even for challenging targets developing with significant therapeutic potential.
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In order to cope with the continuous progress of tank protection technology, it is imperative to optimize and improve the ability of existing armor-breaking warheads. This paper mainly ...introduces the development history of explosive reactive armor, shaped charge jet formation theory, shaped charge jet penetration theory, armor-breaking warhead technology, series armor-breaking warhead technology and research status of armor-breaking/killing compound warhead technology. Finally, the development trend of armor-breaking warhead in the future is described, in order to provide some enlightenment for the design and improvement of armor-breaking warhead in the future.
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The UAV-Brone Kinetic Kill Vehicle (KKV) can effectively enhance the defense capability at low and medium altitude by intercepting missiles and other aircrafts in a reverse orbit manner. ...This paper mainly studies the interception and damage effectiveness of the typical KKV energy interceptors to cluster warheads. Based on the equivalent principle of “the main material remains unchanged, the mass remains unchanged, and the size remains unchanged”, the equivalent models of interceptors and cluster warheads are established respectively. The damage effects under different interception states are simulated and analyzed using ANSYS AUTODYN software. The conclusion of simulation analysis has a certain supporting effect on equipment development, and also provides ideas for other numerical simulation analysis.
Abstract
In order to improve the axial fragments killing power of fragmentation warhead, based on the Shapiro formula, a design method of the lining curve of the fragmentation warhead was proposed, ...and the fragmentation warhead was designed with a fragment scattering angle of 5° and 9° by using this method. Using LS-DYNA software and ALE algorithm, the numerical simulation calculation of fragment scattering process was carried out, and the static explosion test of the warhead prototype was carried out to verify the rationality of the lining curve design method. The influence of the shape and thickness of the inner lining curve on the scattering characteristics of the fragments is analyzed. The results show that the error value between the experimental value and the simulated value of the scattering angle and the theoretical design value is within 8%; the smaller the design value of the fragment scattering angle, the greater the curvature of the lining curve, and the smaller the initial scattering speed of the fragment; When the thickness of the inner lining is appropriately increased, the initial scattering speed of the fragments increases, and the scattering angle of the fragments decreases.
Demand for peptide‐based pharmaceuticals has been steadily increasing, but only limited success has been achieved to date. To expedite peptide‐based drug discovery, we developed a general scheme for ...cell‐based screening of cyclic peptide inhibitors armed with a user‐designed warhead. We combined unnatural amino acid incorporation and split intein‐mediated peptide cyclization techniques and integrated a yeast‐based colorimetric screening assay to generate a new scheme that we call the custom‐designed warhead‐armed cyclic peptide screening platform (CWCPS). This strategy successfully discovered a potent inhibitor, CY5‐6Q, that targets human histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) with a KD value of 15 nM. This approach can be a versatile and general platform for discovering cyclic peptide inhibitors.
We developed a general strategy for a yeast‐based screening platform that we call custom‐designed warhead‐armed cyclic peptide screening (or CWCPS). This platform has led to the discovery of a potent inhibitor CY5‐6Q that targets human histone deacetylase 8 with a KD value in the double‐digit nanomolar range. This strategy can be a versatile platform for peptide‐based drug discovery.
In the field of drug discovery, the nitrile group is well represented among drugs and biologically active compounds. It can form both non-covalent and covalent interactions with diverse biological ...targets, and it is amenable as an electrophilic warhead for covalent inhibition. The main advantage of the nitrile group as a warhead is mainly due to its milder electrophilic character relative to other more reactive groups (e.g., -CHO), reducing the possibility of unwanted reactions that would hinder the development of safe drugs, coupled to the ease of installation through different synthetic approaches. The covalent inhibition is a well-assessed design approach for serine, threonine, and cysteine protease inhibitors. The mechanism of hydrolysis of these enzymes involves the formation of a covalent acyl intermediate, and this mechanism can be exploited by introducing electrophilic warheads in order to mimic this covalent intermediate. Due to the relevant role played by the cysteine protease in the survival and replication of infective agents, spanning from viruses to protozoan parasites, we will review the most relevant and recent examples of protease inhibitors presenting a nitrile group that have been introduced to form or to facilitate the formation of a covalent bond with the catalytic cysteine active site residue.
Warhead power assessment of the anti-ship missile plays a vital role in determining the optimal design of missile, thus having important strategic research significance. However, in the assessment ...process, expert’s judgement will directly affect the assessment accuracy. In addition, there are many criteria involved in the missile design alternatives. Some criteria with poor performance may be compensated by other criteria with excellent performance, and then it is impossible to find the truly optimal alternative. Aimed at solving these problems, this paper proposes a synthetical assessment process based on fuzzy hesitant linguistic term set and the Gained and Lost Dominance Score (GLDS) method. In order to improve the assessment accuracy of experts and solve the problem that experts generate different opinions, combined with the advantages of fuzzy hesitant sets and linguistic term sets, the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets are used in this paper to improve the accuracy of expert’s judgement. In order to effectively combine expert’s experience with the data of criteria, the evidence theory and entropy weight method are used to transfer the expert’s judgement to the weight. In order to avoid selecting defective alternative of missile design, the GLDS is used to fuse expert information and criteria information. Sensitivity analysis shows that the assessment process has sensitivity to some extent. However, when the fluctuation of expert’s assessment makes the fluctuation of θ in the range of −5% to 5%, the impact on the results is not quite conspicuous. The analysis of calculation result and comparative analysis show that the assessment process proposed in this paper is accurate enough, has great advantage in selecting the current and potential optimal alternative of missile design, and avoids the alternatives with low criteria performance that cannot be compensated by other criteria being selected.
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