Batik is also an Indonesian cultural heritage whose manufacturing process uses the method of dyeing cloth with wax to hold the dye. The cloth is coated with wax and then colored. In addition, a lot ...of batik waste is wasted and causes environmental pollution. This environmental pollution starts from the beginning of the production process, namely the selection of raw materials, wasteful use of raw materials, water, and energy to limited quality in the final stages of the production process which results in an increase in the quantity of failed products. Therefore, the Community Service Team wanted to use the waste generated from the batik production process to be used as wood putty. The socialization and practice held by the community service team can increase the income of the people in the Tanjong Rejo, especially mangrove batik craftsmen.
Torrefaction is an effective way to upgrade biomass for producing fuels. The experimental results of torrefaction for three materials, oak wood, mixed wood mainly from deciduous trees and sewage ...sludge are presented. The comparison between three materials is performed to evaluate the influence of temperature and time on torrefaction operation. The influence of the operating temperature and time was analysed in order to determine optimal operation parameters for the newly developed process which has been patented. Properties, such as heating value, mass loss, chemical compositions, energy yield and enhancement factor were investigated. The results show that from an energy point of view the optimal operation time for oak and mixed wood is around 1.2 h at 260 °C. The torrefaction of sewage sludge is energetically unjustified. The highest carbon loss is shown for mixed wood, following by sewage sludge and oak wood. Torrefaction severity index was established based on the, most severe conditions. Torrefaction severity index could be applied as an indicator for prediction of torrefaction efficiency of chosen material.
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•Torrefaction – solid biofuels production with properties similar to coal•The heating value of all materials increases with the temperature.•Torrefaction severity index (TSI) was established based on severe conditions.•Torrefaction indexes are weight efficiency, enhancement factor and energy yield.•TSI is applied as an indicator for predicting torrefaction efficiency.
•Hazardous heavy metal contents and the leaching behavior in 60 woody biomass fly ash.•95% of the woody biomass fly ash could be landfilled without special treatment.•The impacts of furnace type and ...fuel were statistically analyzed.•Ash produced from waste wood combustion had higher heavy metal contents.•Selenium can be a concern in beneficial use of woody biomass fly ash.
In efforts to reduce net CO2 emissions, the use of woody biomass as a fuel for power generation has grown rapidly. However, this practice is expected to generate large amounts of combustion ash. To support the subsequent use and disposal of combustion ash, it is important to understand its hazardous heavy metal (HHM) contents and leaching behavior. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of furnace type and fuel on HHM contents and leaching behavior based on 60 types of woody biomass fly ash (WBFA). A safety assessment of WBFA as fertilizer based on HHM contents revealed that 20% of the WBFA samples exceeded the prescribed standards. Therefore, WBFA would require preprocessing before reuse as fertilizer. The leaching test results showed that 95% of the WBFA samples could be landfilled as industrial waste without special treatment. However, prior to reuse in construction materials or soil amendments, it would be necessary to remove or fix HHMs to prevent leaching. Overall, WBFA generated from the combustion of waste wood as fuel tended to have higher HHM contents and leachate concentrations than WBFA from other woody biomass-based fuel types.
Adoption of renewable energy sources such as biomass has been increasing worldwide. In this study, fast pyrolysis as an acceptable and viable method to get renewable bio-oil and biochar is used. ...Different temperatures and N2 flow velocities were used in the fast pyrolysis process to evaluate the pyrolysis yield of biochar and bio-oil. The waste wood and pig manure were utilized to prepare biochar and bio-oil. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, high-pressure liquid chromatograph, Micro confocal laser Raman spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and dynamic shear rheometer were used to measure the chemical compositions, structure, and pyrolysis yield of biochar and bio-oil. The obtained results indicate that pyrolysis temperature increases the purity of inorganic oxide in biochar and N2 flow velocity promotes the yield of carbon in biochar. The increase of N2 flow velocity would increase the acid property of bio-oil and damage the products yield of bio-oil. It was also observed that biochar could remarkably alter the fundamental performances of petroleum asphalt including penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and complex modulus. The most important is that the upgraded bio-oil can be used to replace partly or fully the petroleum asphalt which is a promising biomass application.
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•Waste wood and pig manure were used as biomass for fast pyrolysis.•Pyrolysis temperature affects the pyrolysis yield and chemical properties of pyrolysis products.•Bio-oil can be used to replace partly or fully the petroleum asphalt.•Biochar and bio-oil can be co-used to asphalt modification and replacement.
The evaluation of thermochemical characteristics and the development of kinetic model for pyrolysis of waste biomass are more challenging. In this study, the mass losses, intermediates evolved and ...products formed during pyrolysis of waste wood biomass were determined by coupling DSC/TGA-DTG/GC-MS/FTIR to improve the understanding of conversion processes and decomposition characteristics. The improved non-isothermal kinetics method was proposed by introducing the function of mechanisms, the activation energies and pre-exponential factors were estimated iteratively by regression to enhance modeling accuracy. The results indicated the gases of CO, CO2, CH4, H2 and the liquids of N-containing organics, esters, ketons and carboxylic acids were the most dominated products evolved. The pyrolysis of waste wood biomass could be divided into three phases, and with the increase of heating rates, the caloric requirement for pyrolysis was greatly increased. The random nucleation and one-dimensional diffusion predicted accurately the main (second) and third phases in the pyrolysis of waste wood biomass and waste camphor presented lower activation energies than waste bamboo.
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•Pyrolysis of waste wood is studied by DSC/TG-DTG/GC-MS/FTIR.•Mass loss and energy requirement of pyrolysis are determined by DSC/TGA-DTG.•Gases and liquids of pyrolysis are analyzed by FTIR, GC-MS.•Improved kinetics method is derived to enhance the accuracy of model.
Sustainable structural lightweight concrete has been produced using the waste of wood particles found in disposal areas of wood factories and carpenters. These wastes form a bunder on the environment ...and recycling them will provide a gain to the environment and the economy. Wood particles of aggregate size have been used in variation with percentages (0%,5%,7%,10%, 12% and 15%) of the cement weight. The concrete produced becomes light weight reaching 1600 kg/m3 (33% reduction). The workability kept constant by controlling mix properties of SP doses. The compressive strength ranged between 60 MPa for control samples to 30 MPa for 15% wood particle concrete, a max reduction of 54% is resulted, however the overall reduction was 42%. Applying superplasticizer SP has improved the results and reduction becomes 22% overall. The corresponding flexural strength ranged between (12 MPa to 22 MPa), with overall increase of 7% over the control specimens increased to 34% when using SP.These findings provide encouragement to use the wood particles lightweight concrete in structures. However, durability remains the main concern. The concrete should be protected from severe exposure and humidity. Therefore, it is recommended to be used in indoor exposure.
•Inadequacies in the disposal methods lead devastating environmental deprivation.•Cement manufacturing contributes to approximately 7% of global CO2 emission along.•Major reduction in the carbon ...footprint is attained due waste wood use in mortars.•The use wood powders crucially enhance the mechanical properties of cement mortars.•Waste wood use in mortars offers a greener disposal lane for industrial wastes.
Significances of reducing the climate change through the mitigation of global warming potentials are implicitly affiliated with the energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and associated environmental hazards. In the light of reducing these adverse effects on environmental sustainability, waste wood materials are partially substitute in cement mortars as a greener alternative to the existing disposal routes. The paper comprehensively investigates the utilisation of waste wood materials in the forms of wood powders and wood fibres in cement mortars to re-generate the waste wood into value added construction materials. Although the optimum cases often appear to be attained when wood powders are used as sand replacement, it is emphasized in the paper that the reduction in strength and the accompanying physical properties are still sufficient for the structural use of such materials in civil engineering practice. It is eminently demonstrated in the paper that the utilisaiton of waste wood materials both in the form of wood powders and wood fibres provides a greener alternative for the waste recycling of industrial debris with respect to the existing waste management options, as well as saves natural resources and the CO2 emissions required to produce the raw materials for the manufacture of these mortars.
Abstract
Gelegentlich wird angenommen, dass Holz einer endlosen Nutzungskaskade zugeführt werden kann. Diese Annahme wird basierend auf Daten von neuen und gebrauchten Spanplatten sowie Altholz der ...Kategorie AI–AIII untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen basierend auf 468 Datensätzen, dass Schadstoffkonzentrationen in Altholz in einem weiten Bereich schwanken. Je nach Probenkollektiv wären 46 % bis 69 % der betrachteten Proben nach geltender AltholzV nicht für eine stoffliche Nutzung geeignet. Es muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass Altholz bereits nach einmaliger Nutzung Schadstoffe in relevanten Konzentrationen enthält und deshalb erst nach Vorliegen der Ergebnisse einer analytischen Überprüfung dem Stoffkreislauf ein weiteres Mal zugeführt werden kann. Eine organoleptische Untersuchung ist hierfür nicht ausreichend.
Abstract
Occasionally, it is assumed that wood can be fed into an endless usage cascade. This assumption is investigated based on data from new and used chipboards, as well as waste wood of category AI–AIII. The results show, based on 468 data sets, that pollutant concentrations in waste wood vary over a wide range. Depending on the sample group, 46 % to 69 % of the samples examined would not be suitable for material use according to the applicable Waste Wood Ordinance. It must be assumed that waste wood already contains pollutants in relevant concentrations after a single use and can therefore only be fed into the material cycle a second time after the results of an analytical examination are available. An organoleptic examination is not sufficient for this purpose.
Large quantities of waste wood with residual resin adhesives are not recycled efficiently. To address this issue, waste wood with residual resin adhesives was synthesized into carbon dots (CDs) via a ...facile hydrothermal self-assembly method to enhance the H2 evolution performance of graphite C3N4 (g-C3N4), a metal-free photocatalyst. Among all samples, the most significant enhanced sample was MCN-UF-3.5, which has an H2 evolution of 22.1 mmol·g-1·h-1, which is 3.91 times that of unmodified g-C3N4. The band gap and recombination of photogenerated charges were both improved by the doping of CDs. Meanwhile, the DFT calculation showed that adding CDs, especially with the -NH2 group, can significantly deform the structure and destroy the symmetry. This consequence implies an enhancement in the activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction, confirming the feasibility of the modification.
•Investigated physical–chemical properties of commercial, wood-derived biochars.•Tested biochars did not have significant water-leachable PAHs or trace metals.•Degree of carbonization affected ...biochar pH, metal content, and surface area.•SEM image analysis revealed high degrees of microporosity among biochars.•Overall a high variability in biochar physical and chemical properties was observed.
Biochar, a solid byproduct generated during waste biomass pyrolysis or gasification in the absence (or near-absence) of oxygen, has recently garnered interest for both agricultural and environmental management purposes owing to its unique physicochemical properties. Favorable properties of biochar include its high surface area and porosity, and ability to adsorb a variety of compounds, including nutrients, organic contaminants, and some gases. Physical and chemical properties of biochars are dictated by the feedstock and production processes (pyrolysis or gasification temperature, conversion technology and pre- and post-treatment processes, if any), which vary widely across commercially produced biochars. In this study, several commercially available biochars derived from waste wood are characterized for physical and chemical properties that can signify their relevant environmental applications. Parameters characterized include: physical properties (particle size distribution, specific gravity, density, porosity, surface area), hydraulic properties (hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity), and chemical and electrochemical properties (organic matter and organic carbon contents, pH, oxidation–reduction potential and electrical conductivity, zeta potential, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen (CHN) elemental composition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and leachable PAHs and heavy metals). A wide range of fixed carbon (0–47.8%), volatile matter (28–74.1%), and ash contents (1.5–65.7%) were observed among tested biochars. A high variability in surface area (0.1–155.1g/m2) and PAH and heavy metal contents of the solid phase among commercially available biochars was also observed (0.7–83mgkg−1), underscoring the importance of pre-screening biochars prior to application. Production conditions appear to dictate PAH content – with the highest PAHs observed in biochar produced via fast pyrolysis and lowest among the gasification-produced biochars.
