This article studies domestic service in Chile, particularly in the province of Concepcion, during the first half of the nineteenth century. The main objective is to characterize the social and ...labour dynamics involved in domestic service during the first years of the Republic focusing on the study of the testamentary practices of the local elite evidenced through the review and analysis of wills notarized in the city of Concepcion between 1823 and 1856. Methodologically, the selection of wills was carried out in a universe of 315 wills, 73 of which contained bequests to domestic service, and their analysis was carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. The main conclusions are related to the characterization of the objects bequeathed and to the materialization or agency in the delivery of the bequests. Keywords: Servants, domestic service, social history, wills, Concepcion, Chile. El presente articulo estudia el servicio domestico en Chile, particu-larmente en la provincia de Concepcion, durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Se pretende caracterizar las dinamicas sociales y laborales que envuelven al servicio domestico durante los primeros anos de la Republica por medio del estudio de las practicas testamentarias de la elite local, evidenciadas a traves de la revision y analisis de testamentos notariados en la ciudad de Concepcion entre 1823 y 1856. Metodologicamente, la seleccion de testamentos se realizo en un universo de 315 testamentos, de los cuales 73 contenian legados al servicio domestico y su analisis se realizo tanto de manera cuantitativa como cualitativa. Las principales conclusiones se extraen en relacion con la caracterizacion de los objetos legados y con la materializacion u agencialidad en la entrega de los mismos. Palabras claves: Sirvientes, servicio domestico, historia social, testamentos, Concepcion, Chile.
Sin embargo, la semejanza del libro reseñado no es tan próxima a los anteriormente listados, sino más bien al de Florian Illies8 (todo un feuilleton del antebellum) y, más aún, al del sinólogo John ...E. Wills, quien en un intento de acercarse a un planteamiento metodológico compara el estilo narrativo de una historia mundial de un año con el estilo artístico del pintor Shi Tao, esto es, "ponerle al lector un gran número de imágenes del mundo que puedan reflejar la variedad inabarcable del esplendor y rareza de la condición humana"9. La fecha de 1542, por sí sola, significa poco para nosotros, pero cuando agrupamos algunas fechas históricas cercanas a su alrededor, le agrega perspectiva y color, y así nos percatamos que esta es una de las fechas de la historia norteamericana que merece respeto por su antigüedad.11 Se encuentra aquí un precursor no avisado de esta metodología. Este buen detalle pierde fuerza, sin embargo, por un error de denominación. Cada uno de estos trata temas distintos: el primero es el más ambicioso, reúne distintos focos de análisis como la formación del poder estatal moderno en la época de los príncipes y señoríos, la herencia del poder romano y el estado climático; el segundo, donde se encuentra uno de los aportes más sugerentes, trata de una exposición general sobre la paz, el dinero y el crédito; el tercero sobre la expansión europea en el mundo; el cuarto ofrece un vistazo a las ideas heredadas del renacimiento en la época de la apertura europea al mundo; el quinto busca en la psicología colectiva para sacar a la luz los miedos de la época; en el sexto se encuentra un panorama de la posible geopolítica del momento desde los ojos del control vaticano; y el último capítulo vuelve al problema esencial del libro:
Historians have long argued over whether the will and testament can be used as accurate evidence of an individual's life and particularly their religious interests. This project argues for a ...reconceptualization of these documents, and demonstrates that the will and testament was a document where testators made, rather than just reflected upon, their identities. By comparing the market towns of Faversham (Kent) and Thetford (Norfolk), it specifically questions how the location of production and the gender of the testator shaped the testamentary subject that was produced. In order to assess how testators used their wills and testaments to undertake identity work, this project uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Statistical analysis is used to identify trends and detailed study of the language of the wills and testaments is employed to provide examples and illustrative detail. Chapter 1 considers the process of will-making in this period, and examines how this process was an act of identity work in and of itself. The subsequent four chapters in turn examine different aspects of the content of these documents in order to further examine identity and its construction in the will and testament. Ultimately this research demonstrates that the self that is produced in a last will and testament is a construction shaped by a range of forces including legal formulae, local will-making practices, gender, and the agency of the testator.
"This book is primarily geared toward estate planners and probate litigators, it may provide a greater understanding of issues relating to capacity, the attorney's role, and the process known as ..."undue influence." This book does not constitute legal advice"--.
In Material Culture and Queenship in 14th-century France Marguerite Keane analyzes the artistic and devotional context of the household of a medieval queen, Blanche of Navarre (1331-1398), as ...revealed through the evidence of her testaments of 1396 and 1398.
Efforts to promote the completion of advance directives implicitly assume that completion rates of these documents, which help ensure care consistent with people's preferences in the event of ...incapacity, are undesirably low. However, data regarding completion of advance directives in the United States are inconsistent and of variable quality. We systematically reviewed studies published in the period 2011-16 to determine the proportion of US adults with a completed living will, health care power of attorney, or both. Among the 795,909 people in the 150 studies we analyzed, 36.7 percent had completed an advance directive, including 29.3 percent with living wills. These proportions were similar across the years reviewed. Similar proportions of patients with chronic illnesses (38.2 percent) and healthy adults (32.7 percent) had completed advance directives. The findings provide benchmarks for gauging future policies and practices designed to motivate completion of advance directives, particularly among those people most likely to benefit from having these documents on record.
Consumer autonomy is a fundamental topic for marketing ethics scholars. Nonetheless, autonomy’s philosophical treatment may have compromised its conceptual clarity. After reviewing the relevant ...ethics literature on consumer autonomy, the benefits of formally defining consumer autonomy are illustrated, and a novel formalization is adapted from potential performance theory mathematics. The goal is to transfigure a hitherto amorphous topic via a mathematical formalization that defines true autonomy, actual autonomy, reliability of wills, and reliability of product choice. The crucial and surprising result: an action that decreases true autonomy can increase actual autonomy if that action engenders a sufficient increase in one or both types of reliability. Relating the insights from the formalization to the long-standing debates in consumer autonomy suggests fruitful avenues for future research.
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