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Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Osborne, Colin P.; Chatelet, David S.; Columbus, J. Travis; Besnard, Guillaume; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Garrison, Laura M.; Vorontsova, Maria S.; Edwards, Erika J.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 01/2013, Letnik: 110, Številka: 4Journal Article
C ₄ photosynthesis is a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the typical C ₃ pathway that increases the productivity of plants in warm, sunny, and dry conditions. Despite its complexity, it evolved more than 62 times independently in flowering plants. However, C ₄ origins are absent from most plant lineages and clustered in others, suggesting that some characteristics increase C ₄ evolvability in certain phylogenetic groups. The C ₄ trait has evolved 22–24 times in grasses, and all origins occurred within the PACMAD clade, whereas the similarly sized BEP clade contains only C ₃ taxa. Here, multiple foliar anatomy traits of 157 species from both BEP and PACMAD clades are quantified and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. Statistical modeling indicates that C ₄ evolvability strongly increases when the proportion of vascular bundle sheath (BS) tissue is higher than 15%, which results from a combination of short distance between BS and large BS cells. A reduction in the distance between BS occurred before the split of the BEP and PACMAD clades, but a decrease in BS cell size later occurred in BEP taxa. Therefore, when environmental changes promoted C ₄ evolution, suitable anatomy was present only in members of the PACMAD clade, explaining the clustering of C ₄ origins in this lineage. These results show that key alterations of foliar anatomy occurring in a C ₃ context and preceding the emergence of the C ₄ syndrome by millions of years facilitated the repeated evolution of one of the most successful physiological innovations in angiosperm history.
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JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP | JCR | SNIP |
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in: SICRIS
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