Purpose/Objective: To examine factors related to perceived caregiving burden in a sample of caregivers assisting service members and veterans (SMVs) across four areas: SMV injury and health status; caregiver life circumstances; caregiver duty and responsibilities; and caregiver needs. Research Method/Design: Participants were 214 caregivers (95.8% female; 86.0% spouse/partner; Age: M = 38.6 years SD = 10.4) of SMVs who sustained a mild, moderate, severe, or penetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Caregivers were recruited from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and via community outreach. Participants completed the Caregiver Appraisal Scale, Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4, and Caregiver Questionnaire. The sample was divided into 2 Caregiver Burden groups: High (n = 138) and Low Burden (n = 76). Results: Factors significantly related to higher levels of perceived burden were (a) experiencing a greater caregiving time commitment now and over time, (b) caring for activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living, (c) experiencing an impact of caregiving on employment, income, and out of pocket expenses, (d) parenting more than 1 child, (e) having less time to devote to one's self now and over time, (f) having caregiver needs, and/or (g) assisting a SMV who had incurred a mild TBI; was experiencing greater functional disability; had a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis; received mental health and rehabilitation treatment; and/or used an assistive device (all p < .05; odds ratios ORs = 1.13 to 14.57; ds = .02 to 1.30). Conclusions/Implications: Providing care for a SMV after a TBI can impose a heavy burden, particularly for caregivers who provide support to SMVs with comorbid mental health problems, such as PTSD. Impact and Implications Caregivers play an important role in the long-term care of service members and veterans (SMV), saving the U.S. government and society millions of dollars in health care and social service costs. Providing care to SMVs can require a sizable time commitment and a high intensity of care, which can be burdensome for the caregiver. If the burden of care exceeds the caregiver's capacity (e.g., health, well-being, and finances), and they are no longer able to care for the SMV, the responsibility and cost for care of both the SMV and caregiver falls to government and society. This study highlights that many factors relating to the SMV's injury and health status, and the caregiver's life circumstances, responsibilities, and needs can impose a heavy burden of care. This is particularly true for caregivers assisting SMVs who incurred a mild TBI and have a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is critical that the caregiver's own health care and social service needs are acknowledged and attended to, and that they have access to adequate education, training, and resources. It is also critical that the long-term impact of providing care to SMVs, as well as their children and families, is monitored longitudinally in future research.