...HF patients are divided into the following groups according to LVEF: HFrEF: symptomatic HF with LVEF ≤40%; HFmrEF: symptomatic HF with LVEF 41% to 49%; HFpEF: symptomatic HF with LVEF ≥50%; and symptomatic HF with a baseline LVEF ≤40%, a ≥10-point increase from baseline LVEF, and a second measurement of LVEF >40%. ...only HFrEF patients have benefited from therapy recommended in the guidelines based on randomised controlled trials. Furthermore, neurohormonal activation, which is a unique feature in HF patients with reduced left ventricular systolic function, is not that prevalent among HFpEF as compared to HFrEF patients. ...it is not surprising that the neurohormonal inhibition-oriented medication, which is effective for treating HFrEF, may fail in HFpEF patients.