Abstract We investigate the nature of the relation among stellar mass, star formation rate, and gas-phase metallicity (the –SFR– Z relation) at high redshifts using a sample of 260 star-forming galaxies at z  ∼ 2.3 from the MOSDEF survey. We present an analysis of the high-redshift –SFR– Z relation based on several emission-line ratios for the first time. We show that a –SFR– Z relation clearly exists at z  ∼ 2.3. The strength of this relation is similar to predictions from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. By performing a direct comparison of stacks of z  ∼ 0 and z  ∼ 2.3 galaxies, we find that z  ∼ 2.3 galaxies have ∼0.1 dex lower metallicity at fixed and SFR. In the context of chemical evolution models, this evolution of the –SFR– Z relation suggests an increase with redshift of the mass-loading factor at fixed , as well as a decrease in the metallicity of infalling gas that is likely due to a lower importance of gas recycling relative to accretion from the intergalactic medium at high redshifts. Performing this analysis simultaneously with multiple metallicity-sensitive line ratios allows us to rule out the evolution in physical conditions (e.g., N/O ratio, ionization parameter, and hardness of the ionizing spectrum) at fixed metallicity as the source of the observed trends with redshift and with SFR at fixed at z  ∼ 2.3. While this study highlights the promise of performing high-order tests of chemical evolution models at high redshifts, detailed quantitative comparisons ultimately await a full understanding of the evolution of metallicity calibrations with redshift.