A spiking neural network (SNN) inspired by the structure and principles of the human brain can significantly enhance the energy efficiency of artificial intelligence computing by overcoming the bottlenecks of the conventional von Neumann architecture with its massive parallelism and spike transmissions. The construction of artificial neurons is important for the hardware implementation of an SNN, which generates spike signals when enough synaptic signals are gathered. Because circuit‐level artificial neurons with comparator and reset circuits require considerable hardware area, intensive efforts are devoted in recent years for building artificial neurons at the device level for better area efficiency. Furthermore, artificial sensory neuron devices, which perform neural processing and sensing concurrently, have recently been developed in order to reduce the hardware cost and energy consumption of traditional sensory systems through in‐sensor computing. This review article surveys and benchmarks the recent progress of artificial neuron devices for neural processing and sensing. First, various artificial neuron devices are summarized, including single‐transistor neurons (1T‐neurons), memristor neurons, phase‐change neurons, magnetic neurons, and ferroelectric neurons. Next, cointegration technologies with artificial synaptic devices and artificial sensory neurons for in‐sensor computing are introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects for developing artificial neuron devices are discussed. The recent progress in artificial neuron devices for neural processing and sensing in a bioinspired spiking neural network is reviewed. Various artificial neuron devices with spiking operation, corresponding cointegration technologies with artificial synaptic devices, and recently emerging artificial sensory neurons for low‐power in‐sensor computing are addressed.