Mathiasen features the empathic art, the last self-portrait painted by the Spanish artist Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes. In Goya's Self-Portrait with Dr. Arrieta, the empathy instructors are the artist's body and the body of his physician. The painting recalls the ex-voto artifacts that were customarily left next to saints' statues in Spanish churches, yet Goya offers his gift of gratitude not to a saint, but to a real-life curandero. Several observers have described the composition as a pieta. Referring to Christian iconography, Dr. Arrieta might thus be posed as Christ or the Virgin. Goya here illustrates the complex nature of empathy: the attitude encompasses both the medication in the glass and the healing touch, but also the silent, spiritual understanding flowing from the doctor to the patient.