•The microbiology of the nitrogen (N) cycle in dairy manure composting was studied.•N cycling microbial communities significantly changed during composting process.•N fixation enhanced N content, and denitrification caused the greatest N loss.•Nitrogen cycling models for different phases in composting were established. Nitrogen cycling during composting process is not yet fully understood. This study explored the key genes involved in nitrogen cycling during dairy manure composting process using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR technologies. Results showed that nitrogen fixation occurred mainly during the thermophilic and cooling phases, and significantly enhanced the nitrogen content of compost. Thermoclostridium stercorarium was the main diazotroph. Ammonia oxidation occurred during the maturation phase and Nitrosomonas sp. was the most abundant ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Denitrification contributed to the greatest nitrogen loss during the composting process. The nirK community was dominated by Luteimonas sp. and Achromobacter sp., while the nirS community was dominated by Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas stutzeri. The nosZ community varied in a succession of Halomonas ilicicola, Pseudomonas flexibili and Labrenzia alba dominated communities according to different composting phases. Based on these results, nitrogen cycling models for different phases of the dairy manure composting process were established.