The field of mosquito mating biology has experienced a considerable expansion in the past decade. Recent work has generated many key insights about specific aspects of mating behavior and physiology. Here, we synthesize these findings and classify swarming mosquito systems as polygynous. Male mating success is highly variable in swarms and evidence suggests that it is likely determined by both scramble competition between males and female choice. Incorporating this new understanding will improve both implementation and long-term stability of reproductive control tools. The mating systems of medically important mosquitoes are characterized by aerial swarms, within which many complex behaviors unfold.Evidence suggests that females mate once, whereas males can mate multiply.This combined with swarms that consist of many more males than females generates intense mating competition between males and allows females to be choosy.A lack of data on male and female sexually selected traits and evolutionary relationships between them are a key knowledge gap in these systems.A comprehensive understanding of mosquito mating biology is essential for the development and successful deployment of reproductive control methods.