To evaluate the interaction between foliar application of salicylic acid and Bradyrhizobium inoculation on the morphophysiology of cowpea under water stress conditions, four genotypes (BRS Rouxinol, BRS Marataoã, BRS Aracê and BR 17 Gurguéia) were subjected to five combinations of water availability: 100% replacement of crop evapotranspiration (control); 50% replacement of crop evapotranspiration (water stress); water stress + salicylic acid; water stress +  Bradyrhizobium inoculation; and water stress + salicylic acid +  Bradyrhizobium inoculation. The experiment was set up in a 4 × 5 factorial randomized block design, with four replicates and four plants per plot. Water stress negatively affected the leaf water potential, growth, proline contents and antioxidant activity of the cowpea genotypes, and BRS Marataoã was the most sensitive. Under water stress conditions, Bradyrhizobium inoculation was efficient for BRS Rouxinol, but was only efficient for BRS Marataoã, BRS Aracê and BR 17 Gurguéia when associated with foliar application of salicylic acid, maintaining their values of leaf water potential, growth, proline content and activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase similar to those of the control treatment.