Display omitted •PVP and EC can be used to fabricate scaffolds by coaxial electrospinning.•The addition of gold nanoparticles improved the porosity and mechanical properties of PVP/EC scaffolds.•Gold nanoparticles-loadedPVP/EC coaxial electrospun nanofibers showed great osteogenic bioactivity both in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterial-based scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning technique are promising platforms for bone tissue engineering. However, the current scaffolds have some limitations in terms of poor osteogenic bioactivities. In this study, citrate-stabilized gold-nanoparticles (GNPs) were encapsulated into polyvinylpyrrolidone/ethylcellulose scaffolds fabricated by coaxial electrospinning technique. Three types of GNPs-loaded electrospun scaffolds (P/E-0.5, P/E-1, and P/E-1.5) were prepared by changing the feeding GNPs. The morphological and physicochemical properties of these GNPs-incorporated electrospun scaffolds were comprehensively characterized. The results demonstrated that GNPs were successfully encapsulated into electrospun scaffolds, and their addition barely affected the morphology but improved the porosity and mechanical properties. In vitro studies revealed that GNPs-incorporated electrospun scaffolds showed excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic bioactivities, wherein the alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation, and the osteogenic-related genes expression were enhanced in GNPs-incorporated electrospun scaffolds compared to the neat P/E electrospun nanofibers. Then, the GNPs-incorporated electrospun scaffolds were surgically implanted into the defect area of the rat skull bone to test their in vivo bone repairing effect. It was observed that GNPs-incorporated scaffolds rapidly accelerated bone regeneration in vivo. Taken together, GNPs-incorporated coaxial electrospun nanofibers might be considered as promising scaffolds in the field of bone tissue regeneration.