In 5 prospectively diagnosed patients with relapsing post–herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies were identified. Antibody synthesis started 1 to 4 weeks after HSE, preceding the neurological relapse. Three of 5 patients improved postimmunotherapy, 1 spontaneously, and 1 has started to improve. Two additional patients with NMDAR antibodies, 9 with unknown neuronal surface antibodies, and 1 with NMDAR and unknown antibodies, were identified during retrospective assessment of 34 HSE patients; the frequency of autoantibodies increased over time (serum, p = 0.004; cerebrospinal fluid, p = 0.04). The 3 retrospectively identified NMDAR antibody–positive patients also had evidence of relapsing post‐HSE. Overall, these findings indicate that HSE triggers NMDAR antibodies and potentially other brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2014;75:317–323