Abstract Objective Primary care screening programs for mental health disorders are designed to detect patients who might benefit from treatment. As such, the utility of these programs is predicated on the actions that take place in response to a positive screen. Our objective was to characterize the cascade of care delivery steps following a positive screen for a mental health disorder. Method We examined the care received by primary care patients over the year following a new positive screen for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or alcohol misuse. We characterized whether the care adhered to practice guidelines for related mental health disorders and whether involvement of mental health specialists led to higher use of guideline-adherent practices. Results Many patients received appropriate treatment in the primary care setting and those whose scores were consistent with more severe illness were more likely to receive care in a mental health setting. Patients with positive screens for depression and PTSD who went on to be seen in mental health clinics received care that was consistent with treatment guidelines for the related disorder most of the time. In the case of patients with positive screens for alcohol misuse, few received guideline-recommended medications in any setting. However, a substantial portion of patients received some alcohol-related counseling from their primary care physicians during the visit in which their alcohol misuse was detected. Conclusion It appears that the treatment system for mental health problems, which extends from primary care settings to mental health subspecialty settings, can provide adequate care when patients' mental health problems are identified through screening. The care provided in all settings can be improved, and additional steps to enhance the quality of care are warranted. This should include additional efforts to align screening and treatment.